Exendin-4,a peptide analogue of glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1),is presently in clinical trials as a therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus.Exendin-4 selectively acts on GLP-1 receptors,which are coupled to the cAMP nucleotide second messenger pathway to enhance the survival and plasticity of neurons in the brain.Exendin-4 has potent effects on homeostasis of Ca2+,on multiple targets to block apoptotic signaling pathways,and on neuronal proliferation and differentiation.It has also been demonstrated to possess properties against oxidative stress and excitotoxicity.In this review the functions of exendin-4 on central nerve system and the potentia therapeutic effects on neurodegenerative diseases will be involved.

Objective To evaluate the effects of restraint stress on behaviors of mice with focal cerebral ischemia. Methods Male mice were first subjected to left middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion. Repeated restraint stress (2 hours/day for 2 weeks) was given from 1 week after surgery. At the end of stress scheme, sucrose solution consumption test, open-field test and forced swimming test were performed. Results Spontaneous locomotor activity and coordination test were decreased to the lowest level on the 1st day after MCAO compared with the baseline values before surgery (P

The new drug of Chinese herbal prescription, which is the best carrier for the syndrome differentiation and treatment of Chinese medicine and is the main form of the new drug research and development, plays a very important role in the new drug research and development. Although there are many sources of the prescriptions, whether it can become a new drug, the necessity, rationality and science of the prescriptions are the key to develop the new drug. In this article, aiming at the key issues in prescriptions design, the source, classification, composition design of new drug of Chinese herbal prescriptions are discussed, and provide a useful reference for research and development of new drugs.
Drug Design ; Drug Prescriptions ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Humans

Objective To study the clinical efficacy and safety of Silybin-nanosuspension in the treatment of liver cancer.Methods 56 patients with liver tumor were collected from February 2014 to May 2015 in our hospital,and all patients were randomly divided into treatment group(n=24)and control group(n=32).The treatment group was treated with oral Silybin-nanosuspension 360mg(Silybin)and control group was treated with Silybin capsule 360mg(Silybin),once a day.The treatment was over once the following conditions appear,the disease progression,or intolerable toxicity,or the lesion site can be treat with surgery,or patient death.Evaluating the efficacy through comparing the data of objective response rate,disease control rate, progression-free survival and overall survival,and record the adverse reactions through measuring the values of indicators of blood toxicity ( leukocytes, neutrophils,platelets and hemoglobin ) and the liver function parameters ( Valley alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase) .Results The objective response rate, disease control rate, progression-free survival and overall survival of treatment group were significantly better than control group(P<0.05),and the parameters of blood toxicity and liver function were no significant differences.Conclusion The Silybin-nanosuspension is safe and effective for the treatment of liver malignancies.

Homeobox(HOX) gene is a kind of regulatory gene,which can regulate the embryonic development and cell differentiation,and participate in the regulation and control of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell proliferation,differentiation and maturation,etc.Cluster A in HOX gene family is the master gene for proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells,which has an influence on the number of hematopoietic stem cells and the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cell into erythroid,myeloid,megakaryocytic and lymphatic system,and has a relationship with the generation of leukemia.In this article,study progress of Cluster A in HOX gene family and its relationship with leukemia were briefly stated.

The study of quality control of Chinese medicine has always been the hot and the difficulty spot of the development of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which is also one of the key problems restricting the modernization and internationalization of Chinese medicine. Multivariate statistical analysis is an analytical method which is suitable for the analysis of characteristics of TCM. It has been used widely in the study of quality control of TCM. Multivariate Statistical analysis was used for multivariate indicators and variables that appeared in the study of quality control and had certain correlation between each other, to find out the hidden law or the relationship between the data can be found,.which could apply to serve the decision-making and realize the effective quality evaluation of TCM. In this paper, the application of multivariate statistical analysis in the quality control of Chinese medicine was summarized, which could provided the basis for its further study.
Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; standards ; Multivariate Analysis ; Quality Control

Objective To investigate effects of CO_2 pneumoperitoneum on cytokines and peritoneal macrophages in a rat model with implanted liver tumor.Methods A total of 32 Wistar rats with implanted liver tumor were randomly divided into 4 groups((n=8)): Control Group(anesthesia only),Laparotomy Group,Gasless Group(gasless laparoscopy),and Pneumoperitoneum Group(laparoscopy under CO_2 pneumoperitoneum).Serum samples were collected at the 2nd and 24th hours after the procedure respectively for the detection of levels of interleukin-1?(IL-1?) and interleukin-6(IL-6).Samples of peritoneal macrophages were collected and incubated for the detection of levels of tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?),a product of macrophages.Results At the 2nd and 24th hours after surgery,levels of serum IL-6 in the Laparotomy Group(57.92?2.06 pg/ml and 35.49?1.15 pg/ml) were significantly greater than those in the Pneumoperitoneum Group(14.64?0.34 pg/ml and 15.39?0.86 pg/ml),the Gasless Group(24.75?1.53 pg/ml and 17.10?0.97 pg/ml),and the Control Group(17.75?1.60 pg/ml and 14.55?0.25 pg/ml)(P

Objective To investigate the transactivating effect of hepatitis C virus(HCV)core protein on inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)gene promoter and the molecular biological mecha- nisms of HCV pathogenesis.Methods Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)technique was employed to amplify the sequence of iNOS promoter by using HepG2 genomic DNA as template,and the product was cloned into pGEM-T vector.The iNOSp gene was cut from T-iNOSp by KpnⅠand XhoⅠ,and then was cloned into pCAT3-Basic,the constructed vector was named as pCAT3-iNOSp,pCAT3-iN- OSp was transfected into the LO_2 cell line.LO_2 cell was also cotransfected with pcDNA3.1(-)-core and pCAT3-iNOSp by FuGENE 6 transfection reagents.The LO_2 cells transfected with pCAT3-Basic was used as negative control.The activity of CAT in LO_2 cells was detected by an ELISA kit after 48 hours,which reflected the transactivating function of HCV core protein to iNOS gene promoter.Re- sults The expressive vector pcDNA3.1(-)-core and report vector pCAT3-iNOSp had been construc- ted and confirmed by restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing.The expression of CAT in LO_2 cells transfected with pCAT3-iNOSp and peDNA3,1(-)-core was 11 times as higher as that of pCAT3-bas- ic,and 6 times as higher as that of pCAT3-iNOSp.Conclusion It is suggested that HCV core protein can transactivate iNOS gene promoter.

Diagnostic Errors ; Humans ; Inflammation ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Papilloma ; surgery ; Pneumonia ; diagnosis ; Postoperative Complications ; diagnosis

BACKGROUND: Amfetamine, one of the levarterenols, can improve the recovery of motor function of animals after cerebral ischemia. Chlorimipramine can inhibit the re-intake of 5-serotonin and levarterenol and improve the level of them in brain. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of chlorimipramine on motor function of rats with focal cerebral ischemic injury.DESIGN: Randomized grouping and controlled animal study. SETTING: Neuropsychiatry Team of Aerial Clinical Medical Department of the Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA. MATERIALS: The experiment was completed in the Morphological Laboratory of Aerial Aerospace Medical Department of the Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA. All the 24 SD rats were divided into sham operation group, ischemia group and ischemic medication group with 8 in each group. Rats in ischemic medication group were perfused with 10 mg/kg chlorimipramine solution (2.5 g/L) once a day through mouth 24 hours after ischemia, and rats in sham operation group and ischemia group were perfused with the same volume of distilled water through mouth. METHODS: Middle cerebral artery (MCA) models of ischemia/reperfusion rats were established with inserted lining method. After modeling, the operations were performed as followed: ① holding test of net screen: Net screen was put horizontally, and then rats were put on it. One side of the screen was raised gradually; then it was turned over 125° within 2 s, and maintained at this placement. Time of holding rats on net screen was recorded. ② Test of struggling to tear off rubberized cloth: 0.5 cm2 medical rubberized cloth was adhered to the ventral of anterior claws of rats, and then rats were sent to the observing box to record the time of tearing off rubberized cloth. 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after operation were the observing time points. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Times of holding rats on the net screen and tearing off the rubberized cloth of rats with focal cerebral is chemia.RESULTS: ① Time of muscular strength test of rats in ischemia group and ischemic medication group was shorter than that of rats in sham operation group, and there was significant difference [3 days after operation:(54±4), (20±5) and (21±4) s in sham operation group, ischemia group and ischemic medication group respectively, P ＜ 0.01]. Holding time was longer in ischemic medication group than that in ischemia group, and there was significant difference [28 days after operation: (51±5) and (54±5) s in ischemia group and ischemic medication group respectively, P ＜ 0.05]. ②Time of tearing off the rubberized cloth was longer in ischemia group and ischemic medication group than that in sham operation group, and there was significant difference [3 days after operation: (47±9), (188±20) and (172±22) s in sham operation group, ischemia group and ischemic medication group respectively, P ＜ 0.01]. The time in ischemic medication group was shorter than that in ischemia group, and there was no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).CONCLUSION: Chlorimipramine has great effect on the recovery of muscular strength after focal cerebral ischemia, but has poor effect on sense and refined motor function, which is in coincidence with the poor recovery of refined motor function of limbs after hemiplegia.