Traditional Chinese medicine market is a typical market with information asymmetry, which may lead to "lemons" problem. Third-Party Certification is efficient path to solve the problem of information asymmetry. For this reason geo-authentic and commodity classes certification seems to be very important. But as we know, information asymmetry happen in the stages of traditional Chinese patent medicines market. So a signaling transfer mechanism, which can deliver the quality signal, is badly needed in TCM market. This paper analysis and design of signaling transfer mechanism based on Third-Party Certification, which called quality prestige index of TCM enterprises (QPITCM). QPITCM can display quality information as a signal run through the TCM market.
Certification ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; economics ; standards ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; economics ; standards ; Quality Control

Objective To evaluate of the clinical efficacy of two kinds of methods extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in treatment of ureteral calculi. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of 108 patients with acute renal colic and ureteral stones (calculi diameter<2 cm) from March 2011 to April 2013. The patients were divided into two groups. 69 cases in A group underwent emergency positioning urography ureteral catheterization combined extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, 39 cases in B group underwent emergency extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Results A group:lithotripsy was successful in 63 cases among 69 cases at the first time,the first success rate was 91.33% (63/69), the second success rate was 94.2%(65/69),2 cases of retrograde ureteroscopy failed, 2 cases of self-discharge after intubation stones, the recurrent renal colic rate was 14.3%(9/63),the use of analgesic drugs rate was 11.1%(7/63) . B group:the first success rate of stone clearance rate was 74.4%(25/39),the second success rate of stone clearance rate was 87.2%(34/39),5 cases underwent ureteroscopy lithotripsy, the renal colic recurrence rate was 20.5% (8/39), the use rate of analgesic drugs was 15.4% (6/39) . Conclusion Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy assisted by urography through retrograde ureteral catheterization has satisfying therapeutic effect in treatment of patients with ureteral calculi.

Adolescent ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nasal Mucosa ; metabolism ; Nasal Polyps ; metabolism ; Neuropeptides ; classification ; metabolism

Objective To study the inclusion mechanism of 14-deoxyandrographolide and ?-cyclodextrin in inclusion ratio,molecular interaction between host and guest,inclusion part and stability of inclusion compound.Methods The formation of inclusion compound was confirmed by dfferential thermal analysis(DTA);The equilibrium constants of inclusion compound were determined and the thermodynamic constants were calculated by UV;Inclusion parts were confirmed by IR and 1H-NMR.Results Ka=1 292.631 L/mol;?G=-16.854 8;?H=-25.532;?S=-0.029 12.It was clearly that all five lactone ring and decalin ring of 14-deoxyandrographolide in indusion compound changed in IR and 1H-NMR.Conclusion Inclusion host-guest ratio is 1∶1,Van der Waals forces play a major role in the process.Inclusion site is decalin ring and five lactone ring.The inclusion compound is more stable under normal temperature.

Objective The significance of serum cytokine profile in coronary heart disease patients have been evaluated by observing the variation cytokines Methods The serum IL-1 a,IL-1 ?,IL-2,IL-4, IL-6 ,IL-8,IL-10,VEGF,IFN-?,,TNF-?,MCP-1 and EGF in 76 patients and 26 matched healthy volunteers have been observed.Serum cytokines had been measured by protein chips methods in EVIDENCE 180 automatic biochips analyzer and cytokine profile were got by bioinformatics.Results The serum level of IL-1?,IL-6,IL-8,and TNF-? were (4.32?8.14) ng/L ,(13.16?16.81) rig/L,(375.53?292.14) ng/L,(15.46?15.38) ng/L respectively,which increased obviously in patients (P

OBJECTIVETo explore the perioperative cardiovascular dysfunction and its relevance to age in patients with silent coronary heart disease (or silent myocardial ischemia), and explore the clinical treatment and recovery of perioperative arrhythmias.

METHODSOne hundred and eighty cases were selected from selective surgery patients with silent myocardial ischemia (SMI). Among the cases, 130 patients older than 51 years old were divided into 51 - 60 year-old group, 61- 70 year-old group and 71 - 80 year-old group. Control group was set up by other 50 patients younger than 51 years old. Electrocardiogram data of 24 h before the operation, 24 h after the operation and 48 h after the operation were continuously monitored by dynamic electrocardiogram (DCG). The electrocardiogram data of ST shifting, arrhythmia incidences of different type and at different time were analyzed by professional doctors. At the same time, the treatment and recovery of perioperative arrhythmia were recorded.

RESULTSAs the age increase, the magnitude and duration of ST shifting appeared upward trend compared to the control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The incidence of ST elevation in 71 - 80 year-old group was higher than the control group (P < 0.05). The ST depression duration in 61 - 70 and 71 - 80 year-old group and ST elevation magnitude in 71 - 80 year-old group were higher than 51 - 60 year-old group (P < 0.05). Compared to the control group, the incidence of accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIR) in 61 - 70 year-old group and the incidence of sinus bradycardia (SB), ventricular premature beat (VPB), ventricular tachycardia (VT) in 71 - 80 year-old group were higher (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared to the 51 - 60 year-old group, the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in 61 - 70 year-old group and the incidence of VP, VT, AF in 71 - 80 year-old group were higher (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The arrhythmia incidences in 24 h after operation were higher than 48 h after operation and 24 h before operation (P < 0.01). As the age increase, the recovery incidence by removing inducement was decreased, but the recovery incidences by drug and electric-shock treatment were increased (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONOld SMI patients have high levels of perioperative myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia, and 24 h after operation is the period of high incidence.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cardiovascular System ; physiopathology ; Coronary Disease ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Perioperative Period

Objective To analyze the diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of small cell carcinoma of bladder (SCCB) in order to improve the understanding of it.Methods The pathological and clinical data of 5 cases of SCCB were retrospectively analyzed.All patients were male,aged 50 to 78 years (mean age,64 years).Clinical manifestations of 4 cases were gross hematuria,the other case was found by health examination.Ultrasonography results of 3 cases were medium echo tumors,the other 2 cases were hypoecho tumors.The diameter of the tumor was 2.1 to 4.0 cm (mean,3.0 cm).There were 3 patients accepted CT scan.One of them was found of hydronephrosis and multiple pelvic lymph nodes.All patients accepted diagnostic TURBT.Three of them accepted postoperative chemotherapy (1 cycle) without other surgery.Two patients accepted radical cystectomy with postoperative chemotherapy (3 cycles) after bladder tumor biopsy.Results Pathological findings showed that tumor cells were small,round and sheet in arrangement.These hyperchromatic nuclei showed limited cytoplasm with lack of nesting character.Neuron specific enolase,chromogranin A and synaptophysin were positive in immunohistochemistry.The final diagnosis was SCCB'.Two of the three patients who accepted TURBT with postoperative chemotherapy died 7 and 8 months postoperatively,the other one was alive for 32 months.Another two patients who accepted radical cystectomy with postoperative chemotherapy were alive for 16 and 26 months.Conclusions SCCB is a rare tumor which has high malignancy and poor prognosis.Radical cystectomy in combination with postoperative chemotherapy is the main treatment.Retained bladder surgery with chemotherapy is an alternative choice.

Standards of commodity classes of Chinese materia medica is an important way to solve the "Lemons Problem" of traditional Chinese medicine market. Standards of commodity classes are also helpful to rebuild market mechanisms for "high price for good quality". The previous edition of commodity classes standards of Chinese materia medica was made 30 years ago. It is no longer adapted to the market demand. This article researched progress on standards of commodity classes of Chinese materia medica. It considered that biological activity is a better choice than chemical constituents for standards of commodity classes of Chinese materia medica. It is also considered that the key point to set standards of commodity classes is finding the influencing factors between "good quality" and "bad quality". The article also discussed the range of commodity classes of Chinese materia medica, and how to coordinate standards of pharmacopoeia and commodity classes. According to different demands, diversiform standards can be used in commodity classes of Chinese materia medica, but efficacy is considered the most important index of commodity standard. Decoction pieces can be included in standards of commodity classes of Chinese materia medica. The authors also formulated the standards of commodity classes of Notoginseng Radix as an example, and hope this study can make a positive and promotion effect on traditional Chinese medicine market related research.
China ; Drug Industry ; economics ; standards ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; economics ; standards ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; economics ; methods ; standards ; Panax notoginseng ; anatomy & histology ; chemistry ; Phytotherapy ; economics ; methods ; standards ; Plant Roots ; anatomy & histology ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Reference Standards ; Research ; trends

Background High myopia can be corrected using laser therapy and intraocular lens(IOL)implantation.IOL implantation is more suitable than laser therapy for high myopia if the patients suffer from thinner cornea.Objective This clinical trail was to assess and compare the visual quality following phakic iris-claw intraocular lens (IOL) and implantable contact lens(ICL) implantation for high myopia.MethodsIris-claw phakic intraocular lens was implanted in 17 eyes of 10 patients with high myopia,and age-,refractive-matched 17 eyes of 9 patients were in implantable contact lens (ICL) implantation group.Uncorrected visual acuity,best correct visual acuity,contrast sensitivity under the 3,6,12 and 18 c/d spatial frequencies,wave-front aberrations,including RMS3,RMS4 and RMSh,were examined in 6 months after operation.Written informed consent was obtained from each patient before surgery.Results There were no significant difference in uncorrected visual acuity,best correct visual acuity between two groups(t=0.489,P>0.05;t=0.853,P>0.05).Non-glare CS under the 3 c/d,6 c/d,12 c/d and 18 c/d spatial frequencies were insignificantly different between two groups ( t = 0. 906, P > 0.05 ; t = 0. 103, P > 0. 05 ; t =0. 694 ,P>0. 05 ; t = 1. 583, P>0. 05), and the similar outcomes were found in glare CS ( t = 0. 323, P>0.05, t =0.041 ,P>0. 05, t = 0.024, P>0. 05; t = 0. 363, P>0.05) in postoperative 6 months. RMS3 and RMSh were significantly elevated in PIOL group compared with ICL group ( t = 11.40, P< 0. 05 ; t = 11.35, P < 0.05), but no evident difference was found in RMS4 between two groups( t = 0. 24,P>0. 05). Conclusion Both PIOL and ICL implantation for high myopia can achieve an equal visual acuity. But clinical outcomes of ICL implantation is much better than PIOL group. A long-term effect should be observed for the further evaluation.

Pharmaceutical market is a typical market with information asymmetry, and which can lead to "lemons" problem. In all developed countries, firms must receive regulatory approval to market a pharmaceutical product. Such administrative department including SFDA, EMA, FDA and so on. Chinese materia medica is a special part of pharmaceutical market in China. The management of Chinese materia medica is a special challenge in China.
Accreditation ; Materia Medica ; economics ; standards ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; economics ; standards ; Reference Standards ; Social Control, Formal