Learning and memory dysfunction caused by diabetes is gaining an increased attention. Diabetes can significantly increasethe risk of dementia, including vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease; and diabetes itself can lead to mild or moderate cognition decline.Many clinical and experimental datas indicated that deficiency of insulin or insulin resistance can significantly reduce the threshold of cognitivedysfunction and accelerate the progress of cognitive decline. This paper reviewed the effect of insulin and insulin resistance on cognitivefunction in diabetes.

Anus Diseases ; surgery ; Humans

Objective To investigate the expression and cellular localization of metallothionein-1 (MT-1) in mouse kidney. Methods The adult male CD-1 mice were selected as experimental animals. The protein of MT-1 in mouse renal cortex and medulla was detected by Western blot assay. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence methods were ap-plied to observe the location of MT-1 in renal tubules and collecting ducts of mouse kidney. Double-immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to observe the subcellular localization of MT-1 in the epithelial cells of re-nal tubules and collecting ducts of mouse kidney. Results The expression of MT-1 was detected in cortex and medulla of mouse kidney. The expression of MT-1was mainly found in proximal convoluted tubules and distal convoluted tubules of cor-tical labyrinth, and proximal straight tubules, distal straight tubules and collecting ducts of ray medullary and medulla of kid-ney. The strongest expression of MT-1 was found in proximal tubules, secondary in distal tubules and last in collecting ducts. The intracellular location of MT-1 was in brush border of proximal tubules and intracytoplasm, in the distal tubule epi-thelial cell cytoplasm and in the basolateral membranes of collecting duct epithelial cells. The subcellular localization was found in the lysosome. Conclusion The different locations of MT-1 expressed in proximal tubules, distal tubules and col-lecting ducts may determine different roles of them in kidney.

The recent report "The Consensus Coding Sequences of Human Breast and Colorectal Cancers"published in Science represents the first unbiased systematic mutational analysis of human genome at any disease states after the completion of The Human Genome Project. It was tentatively discussed how to take advantage of the candidate cancer genes found in this study in discovery of novel targets of therapeutic drugs. In addition, the penitential values of the candidate cancer genes in identification of patients at high risk of cancer, and in renewing classification of tumors based on underlying molecular mechanisms are introduced.

Objective To study the apoptosis of breast cancer cells induced by green tea and the preventive effect of green tea on cancer.Methods Catecholamine,the main components of green tea was added into human breast cancer cell line(MDA-MB-231) with different concentrations,and then human breast cancer cell line was measured by MTT assay,comet assay,flow cytometry and caspase-3 activity assay respectively.Results After treatment with 0.2mmol/L EGCG for 48 h,the cell proliferation was inhibited in the experimental group in MTT assay[minimum absorbance value (0.391±0.041),t=4.223 P<0.01].In comet assay,cells treated with 0.2mmol/L EGCG for 48 h in the experimental group showed a fairly long tail[control group average value (4.92±0.64)μm,the experimental group average value (18.76±1.37)μm,P=0.003].The rate of cell apoptosis increased significantly by testing MDA-MB-231 exposed to EGCG with flow cytometry.The apoptotic rate of the cells exposed to 0.2mmol/L EGCG for 48 h in the experimental group was (29.370±1.485)(t=11.125,P<0.01).EGCG induced apoptosis and caspase-3 activity rate was dependent on time and dose.The OD value of caspase-3 observed by the colorimetric method in cells exposed to 0.2mmol/L EGCG for 48 h in the experimental group was (0.144±0.045)(t=5.321,P<0.01).Conclusion EGCG may play a role in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer by affecting apoptosis.

With the development of brain research, study of neural coding has attracted more attention. Neural coding by informatics entropy is a very important aspect in the research field. This paper presents an overview of typical entropy coding methods of neuronal spike train including binary string method, direct method, asymptotically unbiased estimator method, inter-spike interval and mutual information method. Related principles and application are reviwed.

Objective To analyze the CT features of large adrenal adenoma and to compare the pathological features of large adenoma and small adenoma in order to improve the diagnosis of large adenoma.Methods The unenhanced and enhanced CT images of 14 patients with large adrenal adenoma,proven surgically and pathologically and pathological features of small adrenal adenomas in 30 cases were retrospectively reviewed.The pathological features were evaluated in the cell composition,the incidence of cystic degeneration and hemorrhage of large adenoma and small adenoma.Results 14 large adenomas were unilateral and single,3 had distinct margin and 11 had indistinct margin,14 showed regular contour of round or ellipse,the size of tumors were 5 cm?5.5 cm～18 cm?20 cm.14 large adenomas presened heterogenous density in unenhanced CT study with CT value of-36～51 HU,and 3 showed calcification and 6 showed cystic degeneration.Most of the 14 adenomas presented heterogenenous enhancement after contrast administration.Pathologic examination indicated that the clear cells were predominant in the cell composition of small adenoma,while in the case of large adenoma,the proportion of compact cell predominance was equivalent to that of the clear cell and compact cell concomitance.3 small adenomas and 6 large adenomas had cystic degeneration,5 small adenomas and 4 large adenomas had hemorrhage respectively.Statistical analysis suggested that large adenoma had higher incidence of degeneration than that in small adenoma,while no difference was found in the cell composition and incidence of hemorrhage between large adenoma and small adenoma.Conclusion The large adrenal adenomas have higher incidence of degeneration than that in small adenoma,while no difference is found in cell composition and incidence of hemorrhage between large adenoma and small adenoma.

Objective To investigate the expression of integrin ?_(1) in human osteosarcoma_()and its relationship to prognosis.Methods The expression of integrin ?_(1)was measured by immunohistochemistry and its relationship to prognosis was analyzed statistically.Results Twenty-five of 34 osteosarcoma specimens were found positive staining of integrin ?_(1)(73.5%).The expression levels of integrin ?_(1)was not related to Dahlin classification of osteosarcoma,age and sex,but significantly increased in the osteoblast type and was related to poor survival.Conclusion Integrin ?_(1) can serve as a new biological indicator for the prognosis in osteosarcoma.

Objective To analyze the hospital service scope and source characteristics of patients , to provide reference for hospital medical market expansion .Methods Hospital clinic patients survey information sources were made by descriptive statistics analysis , data processing by using the PEMS3.1 statistical software package.Results of respondents, women accounted for 63.5%, 30.1% men; age: 25 years old -45 years old 298 people accounted for a large proportion of 49.8%; occupation: workers of state -owned enterprises accounted for a relatively large 27.9%;residence: the hospital peripheral resident for more than 55.1%.Conclusion Based on the patient demand for the hospital, we should enhance the level of medical technology , the influence of attention, geographical location factors of hospital, continue to expand mainly around the hospital resident , non resident communities surrounding the city medical service, optimize treatment process, improve service quality, and strive for expanding the share of hospital disease .

20 mg/L again.Children without treatment regulared exam for phe concentration level in blood and test for physical and mental capability development.Results Forty-eight children with PKU were diagnosed in 355 615 newborns who were collected from June 1999 to April 2005.The incidence rate of PKU was 1/7408,carriers with PKU gene was 1/48.There was no significant difference in physical and mental condition compared with that of normal children.Conclusions The treatment results for children with PKU is significant.It has good social and economic value.It is one of the important measures for reducing infant defect and improving population quality.