No abstract available.
Complementary Therapies*

BACKGROUND: Propofol has a high incidence of pain with intravenous injection, and different methods have been used to minimize the incidence and severity of this pain. In this study, we have compared the effect of lidocaine pretreatment with that of ketamine pretreatment on propofol injection pain. METHODS: Ninety healthy female patients scheduled for general anesthesia were randomly divided into three groups; saline group (n=30), lidocaine group (n=30) and ketamine group (n=30). Each patient received 2 ml of pretreatment solution (normal saline, 1% lidocaine, 0.5% ketamine) via 18G angiocatheter inserted in the antecubital fossa after applying an arm tourniquet inflated to 50 mmHg. The tourniquet was released 1 minute later, followed by intravenous injection of 2.5 mg/kg of propofol. The assessment of pain was made at the induction of anesthesia and in the recovery room, and the severity of pain was classified as none, mild, moderate, severe by one observer. RESULTS: The severity and incidence of pain diminished significantly in the lidocaine group and the ketamine group compared with the saline group at the induction of anesthesia (p<0.05) and there was no significant difference between the lidocaine group and the ketamine group. We had similar results in the recovery room and one patient from the saline group and the ketamine group had no recall regarding injection pain. CONCLUSION: Intravenous ketamine pretreatment is as effective as intravenous lidocaine pretreatment in alleviating the propofol injection pain.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Arm ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Injections, Intravenous ; Ketamine* ; Lidocaine* ; Propofol* ; Recovery Room ; Tourniquets

Bosworth fracture, fracture-dislocation of ankle with entrapment of fibula behind the tibia, is a rare condition. Diagnosis of this fracture-dislocation may not he easy, and closed reduction of this injury is difficult because of entrapment of fibula by the tieht interosseous membrane. We report a case of Bosworth fracture treated with the anti-glide plate technique.
Ankle ; Diagnosis ; Fibula ; Membranes ; Tibia

OBJECTIVE: The operative indications on cerebellar hemorrhage have been controversial especially when the patient condition is grave. Therefore we investigated whether it can be justifiable if we perform the surgery in poor clinical grade. METHODS: Clinical records and computerized tomography(CT) films of the 89 patients, who were undergone hospital treatment due to spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage between May 1997 and May 2004, were retrospectively researched. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 36 males and 53 female patients. The mean age was 65years (range 23~89). As a result of treatment, the patients, whose Glasgow coma scale(GCS) score were higher, showed better outcomes (p=0.001). 13 patients (14.6%) were below 5 in GCS score and 10 patients of these were operated. Among 10 patients, 4 patients (40%) showed good outcome and 5 patients (50%) had been dead. 3 patients (60%) of these dead patients had the findings of intraventricular hemorrhage, fourth ventricular obliteration and hydrocephalus in CT scan. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that operation may be justifiable in clinically poor grade patient with spontaneous intra cerebellar hemorrhage.
Coma ; Female ; Glasgow Coma Scale ; Glasgow Outcome Scale ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Acute thyroid abscess is an uneommon type of neck infection. We experieneed a case of staphylococcal thyroid abscess in 29 year old man, diagnosed by needle aspira~tion and culture of the aspirate. The patient had complained fever and slowly growing anterior neck swelling. Needle aspiration of the cold nodule prior to broad spectrum antibiotics was performed. After Surgical excision combined with antibiotics, he was discharged with elinical improvement. The laboratory diagnosis and clinical course was summarized and is reported with relevent references.
Abscess ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Clinical Laboratory Techniques ; Fever ; Humans ; Neck ; Needles ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Staphylococcus ; Thyroid Gland

Lymphangioma is a benign tumor of lymphatic origin. Lymphangioma can occur anywhere in the body and only rarely affects the intestinal tract. Most intestinal lymphangiomas are asymptomatic and detected incidentally at autopsy or surgery. Occasionally, they may be large enough to present as a mass to cause obstruction or intussusception. Recently, we examined a case of a 27-year-old woman who complained right upper quadrant abdominal pain, increased bowel sound and weight loss. By surgical resection after the double contrast barium enema and colonoscopy, we could confirm cystic lymphangioma of the transverse colon. So we report this case with brief review of relevant literature.
Abdominal Pain ; Adult ; Autopsy ; Barium ; Colon* ; Colon, Transverse ; Colonoscopy ; Enema ; Female ; Humans ; Intussusception ; Lymphangioma ; Lymphangioma, Cystic* ; Weight Loss

No abstract available.
Carbapenems* ; Korea*

No abstract available.
Carbapenems* ; Korea*

This study was designed to investigate the amount of free sugar according to each beverage category in coffee and beverage stores. The groups were categorized as 15 groups based on the kind of beverage material. The beverage groups contributing to total sugar per 100 mL were milk + syrup or powder, hot (12.9 g), ade (12.6 g), milk + syrup or powder + crushed ice (11.9 g), and espresso shot + milk + syrup + crushed ice (11.4 g). The beverage groups contributing to free sugar per 100 mL were ade (12.6 g), milk + syrup or powder + crushed ice (10.8 g), espresso shot + milk + syrup + crushed ice (10.3 g), and milk + syrup or powder, hot (9.7 g). The beverage groups contributing to total sugar (energy) per portion size were milk + syrup or powder + crushed ice 56.6 g (332.3 kcal), espresso shot + milk + syrup + crushed ice 49.3 g (333.4 kcal), milk + syrup or powder, hot 46.3 g (372.1 kcal), and milk + syrup or powder, ice 38.1 g (325.9 kcal). The beverage groups contributing to free sugar per portion size were milk + syrup or powder + crushed ice 51.2 g, espresso shot + milk + syrup + crushed ice 44.9 g, ade 37.1 g, milk + syrup or powder, hot 34.6 g, and milk + syrup or powder, ice 30.1 g. The percent of average free sugar per portion size of the WHO recommendation (free sugars <10% of total energy; <50 g/2,000 kcal) was milk + syrup or powder + crushed ice 102.4%, espresso shot + milk + syrup + crushed ice 89.8%, ade 74.1%, and milk + syrup or powder, hot 69.2%. The proportion of beverage in excess of WHO recommendation per portion size was 14.6% in espresso shot + milk + syrup + crushed ice, 22.7% in ade, and 10.9% in milk + syrup or powder, hot. Therefore, in coffee and beverage stores, menu development with reduced sugar content is needed, and nutrition information should be provided through sugar nutrition labeling.
Beverages ; Carbohydrates ; Coffee ; Food Labeling ; Ice ; Milk

BACKGROUND: Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) has been regarded a standard method for genotyping in epidemiologic studies. However, it is tedious and time-consuming to perform. Two alternative genotyping methods have recently been developed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR):amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and infrequent restriction site-polymerase chain reaction (IRS-PCR). These methods have not yet been applied yet to common pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. The purpose of this study was to determine the applicability of AFLP and IRS-PCR for the genotyping of E. coli and S. aureus isolates. METHODS: We performed PFGE, AFLP, and IRS-PCR on clinical isolates of E. coli (n=27) and S. aureus (n=30). We assessed each method in terms of discriminatory power, quality, and efficiency. RESULTS: In E. coli, the discriminatory powers of IRS-PCR and AFLP were comparable to that of PFGE. PFGE discerned 24 (88.8%) out of 27 strains, IRS-PCR discerned 22 (81.5%) out of 27, and AFLP discerned 25 (92.6%) out of 27. In the case of S. aureus, PFGE discerned 27 (90%) out of 30 strains, while both IRA-PCR and AFLP discerned 12 (40%) out of 30. The test-ing took four days to complete with PFGE, two days with AFLP, and was completed within one day with IRS-PCR. IRS-PCR showed better resolution than both PFGE and AFLP. CONCLUSION: In cases of E. coli, AFLP and IRS-PCR could be good alternatives for epidemiologic typing, as they offer better efficiency and comparable discriminatory power to PFGE. On the other hand, IRS-PCR and AFLP do not seem to be suitable for the strain-to-strain differentiation of S. aureus.
Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field* ; Escherichia coli* ; Escherichia* ; Hand ; Molecular Typing* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Staphylococcus aureus* ; Staphylococcus*