This study was made to evaluate the effect of oral atenolol, a cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, on left ventricular function in patient with essential hypertension. Atenolol, 100mg/day, was given to 11 hypertensive patients for 4 weeks, and its effects on arterial pressure, pulse rate, left ventricular dimensions and ejection phase indices of myocardial performance were examined by echocardiography. Echocardiographic studies were performed before treatment and after 4 weeks of atenolol therapy. Arterial pressure fell form 145/90 mmHg to 138/84mmHg after 4 weeks. Pulse rate fell significantly from 69/min to 58/min(p<0.05). Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions and mean rate of circumferential fiber shortening(mVcf) did not change significantly. Ejection fraction increased significantly from 0.66 to 0.72(p=0.01). This results indicate that atenolol in the resting state has no depressant effect on left ventricular function in patients with essential hypertension.
Arterial Pressure ; Atenolol* ; Echocardiography ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Ventricular Function, Left*

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) has been developed to analyze the metabolites of arachidonic acid based on the specificities of ultraviolet absorption of these various metabolites and is sensitive to the nanogram level. This procedure makes it possible to extract complex mixtures of eicosanoids efficiently with a single step and to analyze them simultaneously by RP-HPLC from biological samples using octadesylsilyl silica extraction column and PGB2 as an internal standard. The cyclooxygenase, products (prostaglandin (PG)D2, PGE1, PGE2, PGF1alpha, PGF2alpha, 6-keto-PGF1alpha, and thromboxane B2 (TXB2)) and lipid peroxidation product, isoprostanes, of arachidonic acid were monitored by one isocratic HPLC system at 195 nm wavelength. The lipoxygenase products (leukotriene(LT)B4, LTC4, LTD4, and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), 12-HETE, 15-HETE) were measured by another isocratic HPLC system at 280 nm for LTs and 235 nm for HETEs. This method provides a simple and reliable way to extract and assess quantitatively the final arachidonic acid metabolites.
12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid ; Absorption ; Alprostadil ; Arachidonic Acid* ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid* ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Complex Mixtures ; Dinoprost ; Dinoprostone ; Eicosanoids ; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids ; Isoprostanes ; Leukotriene C4 ; Leukotriene D4 ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Lipoxygenase ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases ; Silicon Dioxide ; Solid Phase Extraction* ; Thromboxane B2

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: There are few reports of affecting factors of the longterm prognosis after acute ischemic stroke. The aim of this prospective study was to determine which variables, of those easily measurable during the first 24 hours after stroke onset, would be predictors of longterm outcome. METHOD: Ninety-eight patients with an acute ischemic stroke were evaluated within 24 hours after symptom onset. The following potential affecting factors of outcome were prospectively collected : demographic datas, socioeconomic factors, risk factors of cerebrovascular accidents, clinical f indings as measured by the National Institute of Health (NIH) scale, laboratory findings and premorbid varibles rated according to modified Rankin score (mRS). We evaluated the outcome, assessed with mRS as good (mRS 3 or less) and poor (mRS 4, 5 or death) and follow up was undertaken at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after onset. The statistical analysis was performed by means of SPSS/PC+package to determine the longterm prognostic factors. RESULTS: The multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that the outcome depend on NIH scale(p<0.001), age (p<0.01), previous stroke(p<0.01), loss of consciousness (LOC) at onset (p Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Paresis ; Prognosis ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Stroke ; Unconsciousness

BACKGROUND: To identify the optimum culture conditions by investigating isolated rat hepatocytes cultured in medium containing different growth factors. METHODS: Hepatocytes were isolated from rats using a two-step perfusion technique and divided into the following four groups cultured in medium containing different growth factors: control, epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin, and EGF+insulin. The viability of the cultured rat hepatocytes and liver function parameters, including albumin, ammonia, and urea in the culture medium, were measured. Hepatocyte morphology was examined by staining with hematoxylin and eosin, and albumin receptor expression was confirmed by immunofluorescence. RESULTS: Slightly higher viability was observed in the growth factor groups than in the control group, although without significance (P=0.073). The levels of albumin (P=0.001), ammonia (P<0.001), and urea (P=0.041) differed significantly among the four groups. The functional parameters in the growth factor groups, particularly the EGF+insulin group, were significantly superior to those in the control group. The morphology of the hepatocytes in all growth factor groups was well maintained at 10 days. However, the control group showed deterioration in cell morphology by day 7. CONCLUSIONS: Morphological and functional assessment indicated that the presence of growth factors, particularly EGF+insulin, provided culture conditions superior to those of non-supplemented medium.
Ammonia ; Animals ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Epidermal Growth Factor ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Hematoxylin ; Hepatocytes* ; Insulin ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Liver ; Perfusion ; Rats* ; Receptors, Albumin ; Urea

PURPOSE: Colonic perforation is a lethal condition presenting high morbidity and mortality in spite of urgent surgical treatment. This study investigated the surgical outcome of patients with colonic perforation associated with retroperitoneal contamination. METHODS: Retrospective analysis was performed for 30 patients diagnosed with colonic perforation caused by either inflammation or ischemia who underwent urgent surgical treatment in our facility from January 2005 to December 2014. Patient characteristics were analyzed to find risk factors correlated with increased postoperative mortality. Using the Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the Enumeration of Mortality and Morbidity (POSSUM) audit system, the mortality and morbidity rates were estimated to verify the surgical outcomes. Patients with retroperitoneal contamination, defined by the presence of retroperitoneal air in the preoperative abdominopelvic CT, were compared to those without retroperitoneal contamination. RESULTS: Eight out of 30 patients (26.7%) with colonic perforation had died after urgent surgical treatment. Factors associated with mortality included age, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification, and the ischemic cause of colonic perforation. Three out of 6 patients (50%) who presented retroperitoneal contamination were deceased. Although the patients with retroperitoneal contamination did not show significant increase in the mortality rate, they showed significantly higher ASA physical status classification than those without retroperitoneal contamination. The mortality rate predicted from Portsmouth POSSUM was higher in the patients with retroperitoneal contamination. CONCLUSION: Patients presenting colonic perforation along with retroperitoneal contamination demonstrated severe comorbidity. However, retroperitoneal contamination was not found to be correlated with the mortality rate.
Classification ; Colon* ; Comorbidity ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Intestinal Perforation ; Ischemia ; Mortality* ; Postoperative Complications ; Retroperitoneal Space ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors* ; Sepsis

PURPOSE: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are of a mesenchymal origin, and they arise predominantly from the gastrointestinal tract. This study aims to aid the post operative management of GIST patients by analyzing the clinical and immunopathological features of recurrent GISTs. METHODS: We enrolled 98 GIST patients who had been operated on for their primary tumor from 1987 to 2001 at the Catholic Medical Center. Among them, 28 patients had clinical and radiological features that were proved to be recurrence, and the patients' survival rates were compared according to the treatment modalities. RESULTS: When the maximum length of tumor was shorter and the mitotic index lower, then these patients had higher disease free survival rates and lower recurrence rates. The Ki-67 negative group had lower recurrence rates than their Ki-67 positive counterparts. Recurrence was mostly observed as liver metastasis. The mean length of time to recur was 22.96 months. Fifteen patients received additional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, but there was no significant difference in survival rates when they were compared to the 13 patients who did not receive further treatments. CONCLUSION: Of the patients diagnosed with GIST after surgery, those with worse prognostic factors, i.e. a bigger tumor size and higher mitotic index, require more meticulous surveillance for tumor recurrence, and especially for liver recurrence, which was the most common recurrence site, during the follow up exams. In addition, although there have not been any remarkably effective treatments for the recurrent GIST patients, further researches for new therapy such as STI-571 is mandated.
Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors* ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Imatinib Mesylate ; Liver ; Mitotic Index ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Recurrence ; Survival Rate

PURPOSE: E-cadherin (ECD) plays a pivotal role in integrating the normal tissue architecture and the suppression of cancer invasion, including stomach cancer. The epidemiology of stomach cancers is noticeably different according to the site of the index tumor, even though the stomach cancers all have similar gross shapes. In this study, the relation between the expression of ECD, along with the clinicopathologic parameters and recurrence or survival, were investigated for patients with gastric adenocarcinoma according to the tumor location. METHODS: We examined formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissues from 50 surgically resectable gastric adenocarcinomas, which were grouped by the index tumor site as follows: distal (antrum) versus proximal (mid and upper body). To elucidate the correlation between the ECD expression and the site of the stomach cancer with the other clinicopathologic factors, we examined the ECD tissue status via performing immunohistochemistry. To compare the rates of recurrence and survival among subgroups, the patients were followed up for an average of 42 months. RESULTS: Among the 50 tumors examined, 28 (56%) tumors showed various degrees of a ECD expression. The gender, age, size, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, stage, lymphatic invasion and vascular invasion were not related with the ECD expression. The Lauren classification was cor-related with the ECD expression in the mid and upper body stomach cancer, but not in the antral stomach cancer (P=0.042). The expression of ECD was not related with the survival rate (P=0.223). There was no significant difference in the recurrence rate between the subgroups with and without an abnormal expression of ECD (P=0.588). CONCLUSION: For the mid and upper body stomach cancer, the expression of E-cadherin correlated with the diffuse type of cancer, according to the Lauren classification, but not with the survival rate.
Adenocarcinoma ; Cadherins* ; Classification* ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Recurrence ; Stomach Neoplasms* ; Stomach* ; Survival Rate

BACKGROUND: The interaction between killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and HLA class I regulates natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and function. The impact of NK cell alloreactivity through KIR in liver transplantation remains unelucidated. Since the frequency of HLA-C and KIR genotypes show ethnic differences, we assessed the impact of HLA-C, KIR genotype, or KIR-ligand mismatch on the allograft outcome of Korean liver allografts. METHODS: One hundred eighty-two living donor liver transplant patients were studied. Thirty-five patients (19.2%) had biopsy-confirmed acute rejection (AR), and eighteen (9.9%) had graft failure. The HLA-C compatibility, KIR genotypes, ligand-ligand, and KIR-ligand matching was retrospectively investigated for association with allograft outcomes. RESULTS: Homozygous C1 ligands were predominant in both patients and donors, and frequency of the HLA-C2 allele in Koreans was lower than that in other ethnic groups. Despite the significantly lower frequency of the HLA-C2 genotype in Koreans, donors with at least one HLA-C2 allele showed higher rates of AR than donors with no HLA-C2 alleles (29.2% vs 15.7%, P=0.0423). Although KIR genotypes also showed ethnic differences, KIR genotypes and the number of activating KIR/inhibitory KIR were not associated with the allograft outcome. KIR-ligand mismatch was expected in 31.6% of Korean liver transplants and had no impact on AR or graft survival. CONCLUSIONS: This study could not confirm the clinical impact of KIR genotypes and KIR-ligand mismatch. However, we demonstrated that the presence of HLA-C2 allele in the donor influenced AR of Korean liver allografts.
Adult ; Alleles ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics ; Female ; Genotype ; Graft Rejection ; Graft Survival ; HLA-C Antigens/*genetics ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Killer Cells, Natural/cytology/immunology ; Ligands ; *Liver Transplantation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Receptors, KIR/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Republic of Korea ; Tissue Donors ; Transplantation, Homologous

Laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy has been widely performed for benign and borderline malignancy in the body or tail of the pancreas when there are not oncologic indications for splenectomy. As the need for minimally invasive procedures to reduce postoperative morbidity and improve the quality of life is increasing, many surgeons have attempted to reduce the number of trocars and incision size to minimize access trauma and scarring. Single-port laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy is the result of these efforts; however it has many limitations such as technical difficulty and prolonged operation time. In this article, we report the first case of dual-incision laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy, proving that it can be a safe and feasible minimally invasive procedure for benign or borderline malignant tumors in the body or tail of the pancreas.
Cicatrix ; Laparoscopy ; Pancreas ; Pancreatectomy* ; Quality of Life ; Splenectomy ; Surgical Instruments

PURPOSE: To determine the optimum culture conditions by investigating isolated rat hepatocytes cultured in medium containing different glucose concentrations. METHODS: Hepatocytes were isolated from rats using a two-step perfusion technique and divided into the following two groups cultured in medium containing different glucose concentrations: (1) low-glucose group and (2) high-glucose group. Total cell count and viability of cultured rat hepatocytes and liver function parameters (i.e., concentrations of albumin, ammonia, and urea in the culture medium) were measured. The morphology of cultured rat hepatocytes was examined by staining with hematoxylin and eosin, and albumin receptor expression was confirmed by immunofluorescence. RESULTS: Total cell count and viability showed smaller increases in the low-glucose group than the high-glucose group, although the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.112 and P = 0.147, respectively). The levels of albumin (P = 0.943), ammonia (P = 0.744), and urea (P = 0.709) were not significantly different between the two groups. In both groups, the function of cultured hepatocytes decreased significantly over time. The morphology of hepatocytes was well maintained in both groups at 3 days. On day 7, the cytoplasm was transformed into a spindle shape. On day 10, these changes were exaggerated, and were more prominent in the high-glucose group. CONCLUSION: Morphological assessment indicated that low-glucose culture medium is better than high-glucose culture medium for culturing of hepatocytes, although there was not significantly different in functional assessment. The cultured hepatocytes with low-glucose culture medium could be maintained for 7 days.
Ammonia ; Animals ; Cell Count ; Cell Transplantation ; Cytoplasm ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Glucose* ; Hematoxylin ; Hepatocytes* ; Liver ; Perfusion ; Rats* ; Receptors, Albumin ; Urea