In the limb lengthening by gradual distraction techniques, permanent tissue damage and joint contracture or subluxation can occur if the bone is lengthened beyond a certain safety limit. The main cause of those problems seems to be the difference in the reaction to distraction between bone and muscle. The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference between the tibialis anterior, a monarticular muscle and extensor of ankle joint, and gastrocnemius, a biarticular muscle and flexor of knee and ankle joint, in their response to bone lengthening in relation to the percentage of lengthening of the tibia by callotasis. Fifteen growing rabbits were divided into three lengthening groups; group I (10% lengthening), group II (20% lengthening), and group III (30% lengthening). The lengthening was done on the left tibiae and the right tibiae were used as a control. Length of the muscle belly, length of the tendon, and weight of the muscle were measured. Histopathologic studies by hematoxylin eosin and Masson trichrome stain were done on the mid-portion of muscle belly and distal musculotendinous junction of each muscle. Scoring system based on five parameters (atrophy of muscle fibers, the internalization of nuclei of muscle fibers, the degeneration of muscle fibers, the regeneration of muscle fibers, and the endomysial fibrosis of muscle fibers) was utilized for semi-quantitative analysis of histopathologic study. The following results were obtained.; 1. The length of muscle belly significantly increased in the experimental side compared to the control in group II, group III of tibialis anterior and in group III of gastrocnemius (P<0.05). 2. The length of tendon did not significantly increase in the experimental side compared to the control in any group of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius (P>0.05). 3. The weight of muscle did not significantly increase in the experimental side compared to the control in any group of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius (P>0.05). 4. The score of any 5 parameters did not significantly increase in the experimental side compared to the control in the mid-portion of muscle belly and musculotendinous junction of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius (P>0.05). 5. The sum of 5 parameters did not significantly increase in the experimental side compared to the control in the mid-portion of muscle belly and musculotendinous junction of group I of either tibialis anterior or gastrocnemius (P>0.05), but significantly increased in the mid-portion of muscle belly and musculotendinous junction in group I and group II of both tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius (P<0.05). The results suggest that significant histopathologic changes can occur beyond 20% lengthening in tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius, and that gastrocnemius is less compliant to distraction than tibialis anterior.
Ankle Joint ; Bone Lengthening ; Contracture ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Extremities ; Fibrosis ; Hematoxylin ; Joints ; Knee ; Muscle, Skeletal* ; Osteogenesis, Distraction ; Rabbits ; Regeneration ; Tendons ; Tibia

The percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) is already being applied to treat almost all types of lumbar disc herniations, ranging from soft contained disc herniation, to migrated disc herniation, and eventually to foraminal and extraforaminal disc herniations. Its concept has already shifted from an indirect central decompression to a direct epidural targeted fragmentectomy with its clinical outcomes comparable to those of conventional open surgery. However, despite the good surgical outcomes reported for this endoscopic procedure for various lumbar spinal pathologies, its procedure still appears to be somewhat complicated for most spine surgeons. This phenomenon might be attributable to the fact that, apart from the technical aspect of the procedure, the surgeons are not familiar with the proper selection of patients. In this article, we have dealt with the basic principle and technique for various surgical conditions. Although these descriptions are totally based on our experiences and therefore have not been statistically analyzed.
Decompression ; Diskectomy ; Humans ; Spine

No abstract available.
Meningioma* ; Optic Nerve* ; Orbit*

This study was carried out to longitudinally investigate the iron and zinc intakes and correlation with growth performance of 25 male breast-and formula-fed infants from 1 to 3 months postpartum, longitudinally. There were four groups breast fed(BF) and three formula fed groups((FFM, FFN and FFP). Milk intakes and the concentration of iron and zinc from human milk and the formulas were measured. The iron content of human milk was 2.07+/-1.05(0.63~5.65) microgram/ml. The zinc content was 2.43+/-1.14(0.70~5.30) microgram/ml. Both were not significantly different among postpartum months. The average iron intake of the breast-fed and formula-fed infants was 1.6+/-0.7mg/day and 8.4+/-2.3mg/day, respectively. The iron intake of breast-fed infants was higher than previous reports. And that of formula-fed infants was higher than the RDA. The average zinc intake of the breast-fed group was 1.9+/-0.9mg/day and formula-fed infants' was 2.7+/-0.7mg/day, which was higher than the RDA. There was no correlation between these mineral intakes and the growth performance during 1 to 3 postpartyum months. So, extensive studies of the iron content of human milk and wide cross-sectional studies for establishing iron and zinc recommended dietary allowances for infants are needed.
Breast ; Humans ; Infant* ; Iron* ; Longitudinal Studies* ; Male ; Milk ; Milk, Human ; Postpartum Period ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Zinc*

No abstract available.
Tissue Expansion Devices*

No abstract available.
Leukemia*

Herpes zoster in infancy occurs very rarely. And it may be the primary clinical manifestation of reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus infection acquired transplacentally during intrauterine life. We report a case of herpes zoster in right T2 dermatome in a normal 3-month-old boy, The patient had no history of chickenpox and varicella vaccination. And his mother did not recall herself varicella infection, though she was exposured to chickenpox patient at 7 months of pregnancy. Laboratory findings demonstrated that varicella-zoster Ig-G and Ig-M antibodies were 0.94, 0.12 respectively ( EIA method, negative, <0.8; positive, >1.0) at the second day of vesicular eruption. Fourteen days after vesicular developing, the Ig-G and Ig M titers were rising to 1.92, and 0.47 respectively. His mother's varicella-zoster Ig-G and Ig-M antihodies were 2.64, 0.14 respectively. The baby received acyclovir treatment and the skin lesions healed rapidly without sequela. In this case, although the cause was unclear whether it was a mother-child infection, the patient was suspected subclinical intrauterine varicella-zoster virus infection during pregnancy.
Acyclovir ; Antibodies ; Chickenpox ; Herpes Zoster* ; Herpesvirus 3, Human ; Humans ; Infant* ; Male ; Mothers ; Pregnancy ; Skin ; Vaccination

Ninety-three patients who had evidence of intraventricular hemorrhage(IVH) were reviewed. Primary and secondary IVH could be well distinguished by computerized tomographic(CT) brain scan. 11 patients had primary pure IVH and remaining 82 patients were secondary IVH from mainly hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Four patients died and 7 survived in the pure IVH. Three of the 4 who died were aneurysmal rupture. Remaining one was unknown etiology. In CT scan hemorrhage was most frequently found in the occipital horns according to the supine position of the patient during the examination and least found in the temporal horns probably due to narrow crescentic shape. In the secondary IVH the distribution of the blood within the lateral ventricle was mainly ipslateral to the intracerebral hematoma. The point of penetration of the intracerebral hematoma into the lateral ventricle was the posterior body in the basal ganglia or thalamic hemorrhage, the frontal horn in the aneurysmal rupture and the trigone in the arteriovenous malformation. Although the level of consciousness on admission related to the size and location of primary intracerebral hemorrhage or IVH, the ventricular dilatation itself also seemed to contribute to the consciousness state. The degree of temporal horn dilatation correlated more with the clinical grade than the frontal horn dilatation.
Aneurysm ; Animals ; Arteriovenous Malformations ; Basal Ganglia ; Brain ; Cerebral Hemorrhage ; Consciousness ; Dilatation ; Hematoma ; Hemorrhage* ; Horns ; Humans ; Intracranial Hemorrhage, Hypertensive ; Lateral Ventricles ; Rupture ; Supine Position ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

This study was carried out to investigate the feeding practices, growth status and correlation with maternal perceptions of breast feeding and lactation with infuts' feeding methods in the Pocheon area. The subjects were 103 infants ranging from 3 to 21 postpartum months and their mothers. The results obtained were as follows : In this survey, 36.9% of the infants were breast-feeding, while 53.4% of them were bottle-feeding, and 9.7% of them were mixed-feeding. The reason for bottle-feeding was due mainly to the lack of breast-milk secretion. Z-scores of weight-f3r-age and height-for-age were similar to Korean standards, but malnutrition and overnutrition were also noticed by kaup index and WLI. The average maternal perceptions of breast-feeding and lactation was 3.7 out of 10 possible points, the breast-feeding group scored 4.7, and formula-feeding and mixed-feeding group scored 3.0. That of BF group was higher than FF+MF groups and was positively correlated with growth status. Therefore to ensure proper growth of infants and to promote breast-feeding, efforts should be given to community nutritional services including nutrition education for the importance of colostrum and breast-milk, practical breast-feeding methods, and nutritional management during pregnancy. Also nutrition education for mothers will be continued to 1-3 postpartum months to promote successful breast-feeding.
Breast Feeding* ; Breast* ; Colostrum ; Education ; Feeding Methods* ; Female ; Humans ; Infant* ; Lactation ; Malnutrition ; Mothers ; Overnutrition ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy

PURPOSE: This study's aim was to investigate participation in Pap smear screening among married immigrant women and their behavior and its related factors. METHODS: A survey was conducted among 165 married immigrant women in Gyeongsangnam-do from January 1 to March 20, 2010. RESULTS: Results in this study showed that 51.5% have never participated in Pap Smear screening. Among those who have participated in the Pap Smear screening, 10.9% had regular screening, while 37.6% had irregular screening. Pap smear screening behavior was significantly different according to the experiences in health checkup (chi-square=34.009, p<.001) , whether or not there was a hospital the woman regularly visited (chi-square=7.768, p=.021) and perceived barriers (F=3.214, p=.043). CONCLUSION: For improvement of Pap smear participation, this study proposes to develop various nursing intervention programs which can improve perceived barriers in regards to the related variables. In addition, it is necessary to come up with a strategy to advertise the participation in Pap smear screening in a systematic and continuous manner in order to raise womens' awareness and to make married immigrant women realize the importance of regular Pap smear screenings.
Emigrants and Immigrants ; Female ; Humans ; Mass Screening