In the limb lengthening by gradual distraction techniques, permanent tissue damage and joint contracture or subluxation can occur if the bone is lengthened beyond a certain safety limit. The main cause of those problems seems to be the difference in the reaction to distraction between bone and muscle. The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference between the tibialis anterior, a monarticular muscle and extensor of ankle joint, and gastrocnemius, a biarticular muscle and flexor of knee and ankle joint, in their response to bone lengthening in relation to the percentage of lengthening of the tibia by callotasis. Fifteen growing rabbits were divided into three lengthening groups; group I (10% lengthening), group II (20% lengthening), and group III (30% lengthening). The lengthening was done on the left tibiae and the right tibiae were used as a control. Length of the muscle belly, length of the tendon, and weight of the muscle were measured. Histopathologic studies by hematoxylin eosin and Masson trichrome stain were done on the mid-portion of muscle belly and distal musculotendinous junction of each muscle. Scoring system based on five parameters (atrophy of muscle fibers, the internalization of nuclei of muscle fibers, the degeneration of muscle fibers, the regeneration of muscle fibers, and the endomysial fibrosis of muscle fibers) was utilized for semi-quantitative analysis of histopathologic study. The following results were obtained.; 1. The length of muscle belly significantly increased in the experimental side compared to the control in group II, group III of tibialis anterior and in group III of gastrocnemius (P<0.05). 2. The length of tendon did not significantly increase in the experimental side compared to the control in any group of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius (P>0.05). 3. The weight of muscle did not significantly increase in the experimental side compared to the control in any group of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius (P>0.05). 4. The score of any 5 parameters did not significantly increase in the experimental side compared to the control in the mid-portion of muscle belly and musculotendinous junction of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius (P>0.05). 5. The sum of 5 parameters did not significantly increase in the experimental side compared to the control in the mid-portion of muscle belly and musculotendinous junction of group I of either tibialis anterior or gastrocnemius (P>0.05), but significantly increased in the mid-portion of muscle belly and musculotendinous junction in group I and group II of both tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius (P<0.05). The results suggest that significant histopathologic changes can occur beyond 20% lengthening in tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius, and that gastrocnemius is less compliant to distraction than tibialis anterior.
Ankle Joint ; Bone Lengthening ; Contracture ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Extremities ; Fibrosis ; Hematoxylin ; Joints ; Knee ; Muscle, Skeletal* ; Osteogenesis, Distraction ; Rabbits ; Regeneration ; Tendons ; Tibia

The percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) is already being applied to treat almost all types of lumbar disc herniations, ranging from soft contained disc herniation, to migrated disc herniation, and eventually to foraminal and extraforaminal disc herniations. Its concept has already shifted from an indirect central decompression to a direct epidural targeted fragmentectomy with its clinical outcomes comparable to those of conventional open surgery. However, despite the good surgical outcomes reported for this endoscopic procedure for various lumbar spinal pathologies, its procedure still appears to be somewhat complicated for most spine surgeons. This phenomenon might be attributable to the fact that, apart from the technical aspect of the procedure, the surgeons are not familiar with the proper selection of patients. In this article, we have dealt with the basic principle and technique for various surgical conditions. Although these descriptions are totally based on our experiences and therefore have not been statistically analyzed.
Decompression ; Diskectomy ; Humans ; Spine

No abstract available.
Meningioma* ; Optic Nerve* ; Orbit*

This study was carried out to longitudinally investigate the iron and zinc intakes and correlation with growth performance of 25 male breast-and formula-fed infants from 1 to 3 months postpartum, longitudinally. There were four groups breast fed(BF) and three formula fed groups((FFM, FFN and FFP). Milk intakes and the concentration of iron and zinc from human milk and the formulas were measured. The iron content of human milk was 2.07+/-1.05(0.63~5.65) microgram/ml. The zinc content was 2.43+/-1.14(0.70~5.30) microgram/ml. Both were not significantly different among postpartum months. The average iron intake of the breast-fed and formula-fed infants was 1.6+/-0.7mg/day and 8.4+/-2.3mg/day, respectively. The iron intake of breast-fed infants was higher than previous reports. And that of formula-fed infants was higher than the RDA. The average zinc intake of the breast-fed group was 1.9+/-0.9mg/day and formula-fed infants' was 2.7+/-0.7mg/day, which was higher than the RDA. There was no correlation between these mineral intakes and the growth performance during 1 to 3 postpartyum months. So, extensive studies of the iron content of human milk and wide cross-sectional studies for establishing iron and zinc recommended dietary allowances for infants are needed.
Breast ; Humans ; Infant* ; Iron* ; Longitudinal Studies* ; Male ; Milk ; Milk, Human ; Postpartum Period ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; Zinc*

No abstract available.
Leukemia*

No abstract available.
Tissue Expansion Devices*

No abstract available.
Chylothorax*

BACKGROUND: There are prerequisites for fungal nail infection: fungal organism, susceptible host, and environments with damaged nail. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth rate of the great toe nail in distal subungual onychomycosis(DSO). MATERIALS AND METHODS:: The subjects are 60 adult patients with DSO and 19 age- and sex-matched controls with tinea pedis but no DSO. The growth rate of the great toe nail was measured. Data were evaluated with Mann-Whitney U-test and regression analysis using the statistical program for PC. RESULTS: The growth rate of the patients group showed a decrease against that of the controls. The equation for expected nail growth rate of specific age and sex was as follows: the expected nail growth rate(mm/day) = 0.07382 + (0.01498 × G) - (0.00033 × Age) - (0.00669 × S): if a person has DSO, G is 1, and if he has no DSO, G is 2; if a person is male, S is 1, and, female, 2. CONCLUSION: Patients with DSO often have a decreased growth rate of the nail compared with that of the controls. The authors propose the equation of expected nail growth rate in persons with or without DSO, and think that the growth rate of the nail is one of factors in the pathogenesis of onychomycosis.
Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Onychomycosis* ; Tinea Pedis ; Toes*

No abstract available.
Aneurysm* ; Cerebral Angiography ; Cerebral Arteries* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging

This study compares the growth performance(weight-for-age Z-score, height-for-age Z-score, weight-for-height Z-score) of one- to three-month-old Korean infants(n=232) with the Korean standard(1994) and NCHS reference(1983). The weight-for-age Z-scores(WAZ) by the Korean standard were -2~1,5 for males and -3~1 for females. The NCHS reference, WAZ results were -1~2.5 and -2.5~3.5 for males and females, respectively. The WAZ compared Korean standard showed no subjects with overnutrition. But 1.3% of the infants showed signs of malnutrition. Comparison with NCHS reference revealed that 0.4% of the infants were malnourished and 7.0% of the infants were overnourished. The WAZ of formula-fed infants were distributed higher than breast-fed infants, but that was not significant. The height-for-age Z-score(HAZ) by the Korean standard were -4.5%~1.5% for males and -4~1.5% for females. According to the NCHS reference, HAZ were -2.5%~2.5% and -3~3 for males and females, respectively. When the WAZ was compared with the Korean standard, there was no overnutrition but 16% of the infants showed signs of malnutrition. The NCHS reference, revealed that 6.9% of the infants were malnourished and 1.8% of the infants were ovemourished. The weight-for-height Z-scores(WHZ) by the Korean standard were -2~5 for males and -2.5~5 for females. The NCHS reference WAZ scores were -1~4 and -1.5~4.5 for males and females, respectively. When the WHZ was compared with the Korean standard, 2.2% of infants were malnourished and 19.5% were overnourished. There were no malnourished subjects according to the NCHS reference and 19.1% of the infants were overnourished. When the three Z-scores are considered together, 92.0% of the infants should a normal growth status, there was no malnutrition, and 8.0% of the infants were overnourished. The growth performance was evaluated differently according to the type of standards. Thus, it is necessary to set proper growth standards for infants, according to which classification of feeding methods is chosen. A longterm and careful assessment of infants's growth performances to develop any group of standards.
Classification ; Feeding Methods ; Female ; Humans ; Infant* ; Male ; Malnutrition ; Overnutrition ; Postpartum Period*