Forty five cases of adult tibial shaft fractures were treated with flexible intramedullary nails under image intensifier at the department of orthopaedic surgery, Capital Armed Forces General Hospital during between April 1986 to July 1988. The results were summarized as follows: 1. 45 cases were all male, the average age was 24.3 years and the most common cause of fractures was sports injury(20 cases) and the second most common cause was traffic accident(18 cases). 2. 11 cases out of 45 cases were open fracture and 34 cases were closed fracture. Eight cases of open fraeture were grade I and three cases were grade II. Twenty eight cases were comminuted fracture. The most common level of the fracture was middle third of the tibial shaft. 3. Average interval from injury to Ender nailing was 13.5 days and the mean duration of permission to full weight bearing was 9.2 weeks. 4. Out of 2 cases of delayed union, the average time of clinical bone union was 9.7 weeks and that of roentgenological bone union was 14 weeks. 5. 11 cases of complication were noted among the 45 cases of tibial shaft fracture which were treated by PGP nailing such as angulation, rotation, ankle joint stiffness, delayed union, shortening, and soft tissue infection. 6. PGP nailing is considered to be a valuable method in treating tibial shaft fracture because of their relative ease of nailing, allowing early weight bearing and decreased complication.
Adult ; Ankle Joint ; Arm ; Fractures, Closed ; Fractures, Comminuted ; Fractures, Open ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Male ; Methods ; Soft Tissue Infections ; Sports ; Tibial Fractures ; Weight-Bearing

Dislocation of the clavicle at its sternal end is relatively rare, as compared with acromioclavicular dislocation. Among them, the posterior dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint was extremely rare. So, not more than fifty cases had been reported in the literature. Of these three main typesanterior, superior, and posterior-the anterior one is by far the most common. Most authors have stressed the difficulty in confirming the diagnosis with routine radiographs. We experienced a case of traumatic posterior dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint treated successfully by manipulative reduction. So, we report it with review of literature.
Clavicle ; Diagnosis ; Dislocations ; Sternoclavicular Joint

Surgical resection is the only option for the treatment of carotid body tumor. The tumor is characterized by its hypervascularity and adherence to the carotid artery. Neurovascular injuries have been a well known surgical complication during the procedure. We experienced a case of carotid artery injury during the resection of carotid body tumor and which was reconstructed with interposition graft using autogenous vein. Vascular injury as a complication during the resection of carotid body tumor was reviewed.
Carotid Arteries ; Carotid Artery Injuries ; Carotid Body Tumor ; Carotid Body ; Transplants ; Vascular System Injuries ; Veins

To observe the therapeutic effects of iv Lipo-prostaglandin E1 for the patients with Buerger's disease, 16 patients presenting severe peripheral ischemic symptom were enrolled and prospectively assessed the efficacy of Lipo-PGE1 after 4 weeks of iv bolus injection of Lipo-PGE1. Pain relief, reduction of ulcer size, change of ankle brachial index and change of toe pressure measured with photoplethysmography were assessed as end points of therapeutic efficacy. After 4 weeks of treatment, 69.2% of patients revealed pain relief, 33.3% revealed reduction of ulcer size (>50%), 18.8% revealed increased ankle brachial index (>0.15), and 18.8% revealed increased toe pressure. The side effects of iv bolus Lipo-prostaglandin E therapy was minimal.
Alprostadil ; Ankle Brachial Index ; Humans ; Photoplethysmography ; Prospective Studies ; Thromboangiitis Obliterans ; Toes ; Ulcer

To get basic data for the development of health care toward the staff of a university, an evaluation study of the risk factors for the cardiovascular disease utilizing data from questionnaire and health examination performed in 1994 for 1233 staff of Chosun University and its affiliated Hospital. The results are as follows: 1. The mean values of systolic blood pressure was 122.0+/-14.7mmHg for the male and 111.8+/-12. lmmHg for the female. The mean values of diastolic blood pressure was 82. 5+/-12.0mmHg for the male and 73.7+/-10.0mmHg for the female. The mean values of serum total cholesterol was 185.6+/-33.4mg/dl for the male and 173.5+/-32.6mg/dl for the female. The mean values of body mass index(BMI) was 23. l+/-2.4kg/m2 for the male and 21.5+/-2.3kg/m2 for the female. The smoking rate of the male was 47. 6% and that of the female was 0.4%. 2. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels increased with age in both sexes. Under 55 years of age the mean blood pressures of the male were higher than that of the female, but the levels of both sexes at 55-64 year old group did not show any big difference. The mean values of serum total cholesterol and BMI also increased with age in both sexes. Under 45 years of age, the serum cholesterol and BMI levels of the male were higher than that of the female, but on the contrary, levels of the male were lower than that of the female at 55-64 year old groups. The mean cholestrol and BMI levels of both sexes at 45-54 year old group was similar. As the age increases, the rate of exsmoker increased and the rate of current smoker decreased among the male. 3. The additive cardiovascular risk scores were calculated considering the values of blood pressure, serum total cholesterol level and the smoking status. The distribution curve of risk scores for the male showed 39. 1% under 4 points and 60.9% above 4 points with the peak at 4 points. 61.7% of the female showed that the risk scores were under 4 points and the rest was more than 4 points with maximum 9 points. As a whole the risk scores of the female were lower than that of the male. 4. By the analysis of association between the risk score of cardiovascular disease and the subjective symptom under the stratification of age and sex, the prevalence of exertional dyspnea was significantly higher at 35-44 year male group and prevalence of dizziness was significantly higher at 45-64 year male group as the risk score of cardiovascular disease increased. Among 25 34 year and 45-64 year female group persons with lower risk score of cardiovascular disease showed higher prevalence of dizziness than persosns with higher risk score.
Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Delivery of Health Care ; Dizziness ; Dyspnea ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Many agents such as analgesics and sedatives have been used to decrease pain, anxiety and awareness during anesthesia. The effects of midazolam and propofol on cardiopulmonary functions and sedation were evaluated in a clinical study during spinal anesthesia. Thirty adult patients were received either midazolam 0.05mg/kg IV or propofol 1.25mg/kg IV after spinal anesthesia. Minute volume, arterial oxygen saturation, blood pressure, and heart rate were checked before and 20min after spinal anesthesia, as well as 2 min, 5 min, 10 min, 30 min, 60 min after each drug administration. The results were as follows ; 1) Minute volume and SaO2 were decreased from 2 min to 10 min in each group. 2) Mean arterial pressure was decreased from 2 min to 60 min in each group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. Heart rate was increased at 2 min in propofol group 3) Recovery time from sedation was faster in the propofol group than the midazolam group. From the above results, we have concluded that midazolam and propofol have some effects on cardiopulmonary function and many advantages if used carefully during spinal anesthesia.
Adult ; Analgesics ; Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Anxiety ; Arterial Pressure ; Blood Pressure ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Intraoperative Awareness ; Midazolam* ; Oxygen ; Propofol*

Along with form and function relationship of craniofacial growth comes a concern for the masticatory muscles with postnormal occlusion. It is the aim of this study to grope the certain differences upon the electromyographic activities of the masticatory muscles between normal occlusion and class II malocclusion during the varieties of oral functions. 26 persons of normal occlusion whose mean age were 18.9-25.6 years and another 26 persons of class II malocclusion whose mean age were 19.0-28.9 years served for this study. The electromyographic recordings processed by Medelec(R) MS 25 EMG apparatus were taken from the anterior and posterior temporal, and anterior and posterior masseter muscles of both sides, and suprahyoid muscles as well. Analyses of the data toward such specific activities as mandibular rest, maximal biting, chewing gums and swallowing peanuts turned out the following summary and conclusions. 1. The maximal mean amplitude of the posterior temporalis showed significant augmentation in class II malocclusion, however the anterior temporalis, posterior masseter, and suprahyoid muscles manifested meaningful diminutions. 2. Stronger posterior temporalis and weaker anterior masseter and suprahyoid muscles were arranged in maximal biting with parameters of maximal mean amplitude. 3. The anterior temporalis of working side expressed smaller maximal mean amplitude in class II malocclusion. Significant swelling in duration were shown at anterior and posterior temporalis of working side, and posterior temporalis of balancing side in class II malocclusion, and marked reduction at anterior masseter of balancing side and posterior masseter of working side as well. The lessened latency were expressed at anterior masseter of working side, and anterior and posterior masseter of balancing side. Class II malocclusion group had significant prolongation of silent period duration. Mean silent period duration of 10.75 msec in normal occlusion and 24.37 msec in class II malocclusion were calculated. 4. Significant augmentations of maximal mean amplitude while swallowing peanuts were yielded at right anterior temporalis and posterior temporalis of both sides, however left anterior masseter and right posterior masseter showed diminution. No significant differences in duration showed at every muscle examined in class II malocclusion group. 5. Weaker masseter and stronger temporalis were suggested as characteristics of class II malocclusion.
Arachis ; Chewing Gum ; Deglutition ; Humans ; Malocclusion* ; Masseter Muscle ; Masticatory Muscles* ; Muscles

Recent reports indicate that shorter etching times than 60 seconds can be adopted without affecting the bond strength and clinical disadvantages. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the shear bone strength and to measure depth of etch at different etching time length. One hundred and eight extracted bovine lower central incisors were embedded each in a tooth cup with cold-cure acrylic resin, The facial surfaces of the teeth were ground wet with 600-, 800-, 1000-, and 1200-grit Sic papers, and finally polished with a water slurry of extrafine silicon carbide powder, washed with tap water, and dried with hot air. Nine groups of nine prepared teeth were etched with a commercial(38% phosphoric acid solution) for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, 90, and 120 seconds, respectively, rinsed with tap water, and dried with hot air. One conditioned teeth from every group was selected randomly for the scanning electron microscopic examination, and the remaining eight teeth of the groups were used for measuring the push shear bond strength after bonding brackets and immensing them in the 36.5degrees C water for 24 hours. Another nine groups of three teeth were used for measuring the depth of etch and surface roughness with a surface profilometer. after pieces of adhesive tape of 3mm inner diameter positioned on the ground enamel surfaces, and etched with the above mentioned. The data obtained form the above experiments were analysed statistically with one way ANOVA and Dunkan's multiple range test with the 95% confidence level. The results and conclusion of the study were as follows; 1. The results of shear bond strength for the given experimental etching times were not statistically different, but showed the tendency of decreasing shear bone strength after over 60 seconds etching times. 2. On the scanning election microscopic examination, it was observed that the morphological patterns of etched enamel surface for 5 to 20 seconds were similar and consitent, and those for 30 to 120 seconds showed increasing over-etched patterns depending on the length of etching times. 3. The depth of etch was increased almost proportionally by the length of etching times, but it was not associated with the shear bond strength. 4. The surface roughness increased depending on the length of etching times, but it was not associated with the shear bond strength. 5. This experiment indicated that proper etching time with 38 % phosphoric acid solution is in the range of 5 to 30 seconds.
Adhesives ; Dental Enamel* ; Incisor ; Tooth ; Water

The aim of present study in vitro was to evaluate and compare the effects of different washing times of enamels etched with low phosphoric acid solution which makes unsoluble salts and etched but contaminated with saliva on shear bond strength of an orthodontic adhesive to enamel, and to observe the washing effect on the etched enamel surface by scanning electron microscope. All brackets were bonded with Mono-Lok2(TM)) on the labial surface of extracted human bicuspids after etching with 20w/w% and 37w/w% phosphoric acid solution for 60 seconds and then washing for 0, 5,10 and 20 seconds respectedly, After etching with 37w/w% phosphoric acid solution and contaminating with saliva for 30 seconds and then washing for 0, 5, 20 and 30 seconds and re-etching for 10 seconds. After 24 hours passed in the 37C water bath, the shear bond strengths were measured on Universal Test Machine. The data were evaluated and tested by ANOV A and Duncan's multiple range test, and those results were as follows. 1. There was no significant differences between (P>0.05) shear bond strength of bonded bracke ts with 5, 10, 20 seconds washing etched enamel using 37%w/w% phosphoric acid solution. 2. The shear bond strength of bonded brackets with 20w/w% phosphoric acid and then washing for 5 seconds showed bonded strength durable to occlusal force but its coefficiency score was high and etched surface was not cleaned completely and therefore it was assumed that its clinical application is not applicable. 3. There was no significant differences between (P>0.05) shear bond strengths of bonded brckets with washing for 5 seconds etched enamel using 37w/w% phosphoric acid solution and 10, 20 seconds washing etched enamel using 20w/w% phosphoric acid solution. 4. The shear bond strength of washing for 5 seconds etched enamel which was contaminated with saliva showed sufficient bonded strength durable to occlusal force but its coefficiency score was high and therefore its clinical application was not applicable. 5. After etching, the sample contaminated with saliva showed the sufficient shear bond strength even washing 20 seconds without re-etching.
Baths ; Bicuspid ; Bite Force ; Dental Cements* ; Dental Enamel ; Humans ; Saliva ; Salts ; Water

No abstract available.
Brain* ; Child* ; Humans ; Nervous System Diseases*