The cholinergic and adrenergic nerve innervation and nerve endings of the iris muscle in Cynomolgus monkey eye is studied by electron microscopy. In the iris, the sphincter muscle reveals nerve terminals containing small empty vesicle which is said to be cholinergic in a greater number (about 85% of nerve terminals) and those containing small cored vericles which is said to be adrenergic in a fewer number (about 15% of nerve terminals) and the latter are more frequently found in the region of peripheral one third of the sphincter muscle then the rest two thirds. In the dilator muscle 65% of the nerve terminals is found to be adrenergic and 35% cholinergic. A dual innervation, adrenergic and cholinergic nerves in both the iris dilator and the sphincter muscle, is not clearly explained in their functions, that is, how influence two nerves one another in addition to the effector cells. A single or double layer of basement membrane lies between the nerve terminals and adjacent muscle in the stromal site of iris muscle. In part the close apposition of the nerve with muscle membrane is seperated by an intercellular space of about 200 A, which is much more in the muscle bundles than in the peripheral portion of the sphincter muscle, however a few in the dilator muscle. The two or three adrenergic and cholinergic axons or terminals in the iris muscle are often closely adjacent to one another, which nerve terminals are not clarified, whether two nerves is motor, or afferent and efferent nerve unit.
Axons ; Basement Membrane ; Extracellular Space ; Haplorhini* ; Iris* ; Macaca fascicularis ; Membranes ; Microscopy, Electron ; Nerve Endings*

Fibrous dysplasia is a common benign disorder of bone in which normal bone marrow is replaced with fibro-osseous tissue. As PET/CT is increasingly used for the staging of different malignant disease, incidentally found fibrous dysplasia with increased FDG uptake may mimic metastasis. We report on a 46-year-old woman with fibrous dysplasia who underwent PET/CT because of suspected recurrence of breast cancer and was misdiagnosed as a bony metastasis with a focal FDG uptake on left proximal femur. This lesion was interpreted as fibrous dysplasia based on MRI in addition to the plain radiographs. We conclude that MRI in addition to radiography may help to differentiate fibrous dysplasia mimicking metastasis on PET/CT in the patients with malignancy.
Bone Marrow ; Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Female ; Femur ; Humans ; Hydrazines ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Recurrence

Tularemia is a zoonosis caused by Francisella tularensis. It is primarily a disease of wild animals. Human infection is incidental and usually results from interaction with biting or blood-sucking insects, wild or domestic animals, or the environment. An increasing number of cases have been reported in several countries. However, in Korea it has not been reported until now. A 40-year old male patient visited our department on Jan 13, 1997, complaining of multiple swollen lymph-nodes on his axillae and reddish swollen left upper arm which contained an abscess at its central portion for about ten days. On Dec 25, 1996, he found a dead wild rabbit on a nearby mountainside, ate it after cooking it by himself with his hands injured. His abscess was drained and microbiologic examination was done. However no microorganism was isolated. His lymph nodes were surgically removed from both axillae, and we investigated them microbiologically and pathologically. On microbiologic examination, small aerobic gram negative coccobacilli were grown on a chocolate agar plate in an aerobic condition with 5% CO2 at 37 degrees centigrade. On H & E staining, the lymph node showed chronic granulomatous inflammation. We sent the microorganism and lymph nodes to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States of America for the definitive diagnosis. Finally the microorganism was identified as F. tularensis by culture morphology, biological tests and immunohistochemical staining. We report the first case of F. tularensis in Korea.
Abscess ; Adult ; Agar ; Americas ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; Animals, Wild ; Arm ; Axilla ; Cacao ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Cooking ; Diagnosis ; Francisella tularensis ; Hand ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Insects ; Korea ; Lymph Nodes ; Male ; Tularemia* ; United States

This work was undertaken to evaluate the integumental response in lower face to hard tissue changes, and to grope the prediction for expected integumental profile changes. Cephalometric headplates of 25 persons consisted of 8 Angle's class 1 maxillary protrusive and 17 Angle 's class II division 1 patients whose mean age was 15.2 years were traced, diagramatized, and statistically analyzed. The results were as follows; 1. Upper incisor and lips were retracted and convexity of integumental profile decreased concurrently with decrease of hard tissue procumbency, however soft tissue point A', B', and Pog' did not undergo significant changes after orthodontic treatment. 2. Remarkable increment of upper lip thickness and upper lip height was shown and this was related to upper incisor retraction. The ratio between the amount of upper incisor retraction and the increment of upper lip thickness was approximately 1.16 : 1. 3. Moderate correlation of upper lip retraction to upper incisor retraction, and of lower lip retraction to lower incisor movement were arranged, and yet comparatively wide variability from subject to subject was shown. 4. It was possible to predict statistically for horizontal of lip position and change of upper lip angulation ground in orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Incisor ; Lip

It has been submitted that different ion solutions containing sulfate induce crystal growth and might substitute conventional acid etching for pretreatment of enamel in orthodontic bonding(Artun et al., Am. J. Orthod. 85, 333, 1984). This investigation was designed to evaluate the relevance of crystal growth on the enamel surface as an alternative to conventional acid etching in direct bonding of orthodontic brackets. Annexing Li2SO4, MgSO4, KeSO4 respectively in the solution with 25% polyacrylic and 0.3M sulfuric acids were employed to enhance the crystal growth. Human bicuspids were treated with various parameters as combinations of crystal growth and glass ionomer cement, crystal growth and orthodontic resin, acid etching and orthodontic resin for an inveatigative purpose. Crystal growth solution cintaining MgSO4 showed the highest shear bond strength(15.6MPa) wuthin the groups of bonding brackets with glass ionomer cement(P<0.01). Bonding with glass ionomer cement on the surface treated with crystal growth solution containing MgSO4 or K2SO4 was not different shear bond strength statistically from bonding with orthodontic resin on the acid-etched surface. It suggests that bonding brackets with glass ionomer cement on the surface treated with crystal growth solution containing MgSO4 or K2SO4 is a potential altermative to bonding with resin on the acid etched sufrace.
Adhesives* ; Bicuspid ; Crystallization* ; Dental Enamel* ; Glass ; Glass Ionomer Cements ; Humans ; Orthodontic Brackets* ; Sulfuric Acids

It is the aim of this study to determine the effects of facial denervation on physiological properties of facial muscles and facial bones in growing rabbits. Experimental animals of fifty two Oryctolagus cuniculus rabbits were employed. Unilateral dissection of facial nerve was carried out on twelve rabbits, bilateral dissection of facial nerve was made on another twelve rabbits and the other twenty rabbits were on unilateral dissection of facial nerve for the histochemical analyses. Six rabbits on the bilateral surgical sham operations and six rabbits of non-intervention served the control groups. EMG records of the orbicularis oris, buccinator and masseter muscles as well as lateral and dorsoventral cephalometric films were taken and analyzed at 0, I, 2, 5 and 8 weeks respectively. The orbicularis oris, buccinator and masseter muscles of both sides were removed from the animals of the histochemistry group and muscle fibers were classified on the basis of histochemical staining for alpha-GPD, NADH-D and myosin ATPase. EMG activities of orbicularis oris and buccinator muscles were vanished immediately after denervation. Recovery of activities were detected one week after denervation in buccinator and five weeks in orbicularis oris muscles. Histochemical properties of masseter muscles remained as fast glycolytic through the experimental period. Orbicularis oris muscle fibers showed the gradual diminution of size and ratio of the slow oxidative fibers accompanied with atrophy, phagocytosis and vacuolation as well as the augmentation of fast oxidative glycolytic fibers. The buccinator muscle manifested the augmentation of fast oxidative glycolytic fibers at five weeks of experiment. Visual changes in morphology of craniofacial area were not evident, however it variety of subtle changes were apparent from statistical analysis of cephalometric measurements. It is concluded facial nerve regulates the physiological properties of facial muscles and interrelation between the function of the facial muscles and changes of facial bones would be in some degrees.
Animals ; Atrophy ; Denervation* ; Facial Bones ; Facial Muscles* ; Facial Nerve ; Masseter Muscle ; Muscles ; Myosins ; Phagocytosis ; Rabbits*

This study was conducted to determine the electromyographic features in the perioral muscles of class II division 1 malocclusion with incompetent lips, and to grope the correlation between its activities and craniofacial morphology. In this study, 14 subjects with class II division 1 malocclusion with incompetent lips(mean age of 20.5 years) and 20 subjects with normal occlusion(mean age of 23.9 years) were investigated. Electromyographic data were recorded from orbicularis oris, mentalis, buccinator and suprahyoid muscles durig rest lip posture, lip position at sealing, maximum sealing, maximal blowing, maximal biting, sipping milk, sipping and swallowing milk, chewing gum, masticating almond, swallowing almond and phonation utilizing the Medelec MS-25 electromyographic apparatus. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken with the mandible in intercuspal position on all subjects. All data were recorded statistically processed. The findings of this study can be summerized as follows: 1. In class II division 1 malocclusion with incompetent lips, the overall augmentations of perioral muscle activities during various functional movements set for lip sealing were manifested and particular swelling in mentalis activity at rest was detected. 2. On the other hand remarkable diminution of upper lip activities at lip sealing movements was drawn. 3. In Class II division 1 malocclusion with incompetent lips, negative correlations existed between the diversity of upper lip activities and upper incisor position and overjet as well in contrast to positive correla?tions in the lower lip. 4. It was suggested that the abnormal function of lower lip and mentalis muscle contributed somewhat the revelation of the characteristics of Class II division 1 malocclusion.
Chewing Gum ; Deglutition ; Hand ; Incisor ; Lip* ; Malocclusion* ; Mandible ; Milk ; Muscles ; Phonation ; Posture ; Prunus dulcis

This study aimed at investigating the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue changes of Class III malocclusion cases treated by second molar extraction. The lateral cephalograms of 15 subjects with moderate Class III malocclusion by average ANB -1.4degrees and IMPA 85degrees were traced and the computerized superimposition of average craniofacial change was made. The data was gathered and statistically analyzed. The results were as follows: 1. Lower anterior facial height/anterior facial height increased by 0.6%(P<0.01), mandibular plane increased by 1.5degrees (P<0.05). 2. There was a slightly downward & backward rotation of the mandible. 3. Lower first molar tipped distally by 4.06mm(P<0.001), lower anterior teeth lingually tipped by 3.2degrees (P<0.05). 4. Retracted lower lip improved facial profile. This study may suggest that second molar extraction could be effective for a moderate Class III malocclusion to make distalization of the lower first molar easier and avoid severe lingual tipping of the lower incisor, if the lower third molar has a normal shape, good direction of eruption and adequate time for lower second molar extraction.
Incisor ; Lip ; Malocclusion ; Mandible ; Molar* ; Molar, Third ; Tooth

Numbers of postulations lie on the difference of integumental changes with two major surgical remedies of one jaw vs. two jaw surgery in skeletal Class III malocclusion. Accordingly it was the aim of the study to elucidate the skeletal profile changes with an accompanying disposition of soft tissues, consequently to yield the correlation and ratio of soft tissue changes with two types of surgical procedures, which in turn make it possible to predict the soft tissue outcomes by means of assembled regression equations. Cephalometric headfilms of fifty two adult skeletal Class III comprised of 26 maxillary advancement by Le Fort I osteotomy and mandibular setback by sagittal split ramus osteotomy simultaneously (double jaw surgery, group A), 26 mandibular setback alone (one jaw surgery, group B) were statistically analyzed. Group A manifested 72.4% soft tissue advancement to skeletal changes in the upper lip area, while group B appeared to have no statistically significant changes. The nasolabial angle showed more increment in group A than in group B, whereas the mentolabial angle illustrated more reduction in group B. The backward movement of soft tissue pogonion to skeletal change revealed 98% in group A, and 109% in group B. The double jaw surgery group characteristically revealed remarkable integ umental change in the upper lip area, while the one jaw surgery had major effects in the lower lip and soft tissue pogonion areas.
Adult ; Humans ; Jaw* ; Lip ; Malocclusion* ; Orthognathic Surgery* ; Osteotomy ; Osteotomy, Sagittal Split Ramus

The aim of present study in vitro was to evaluate and compare the effects of different washing times of enamels etched with low phosphoric acid solution which makes unsoluble salts and etched but contaminated with saliva on shear bond strength of an orthodontic adhesive to enamel, and to observe the washing effect on the etched enamel surface by scanning electron microscope. All brackets were bonded with Mono-Lok2(TM)) on the labial surface of extracted human bicuspids after etching with 20w/w% and 37w/w% phosphoric acid solution for 60 seconds and then washing for 0, 5,10 and 20 seconds respectedly, After etching with 37w/w% phosphoric acid solution and contaminating with saliva for 30 seconds and then washing for 0, 5, 20 and 30 seconds and re-etching for 10 seconds. After 24 hours passed in the 37C water bath, the shear bond strengths were measured on Universal Test Machine. The data were evaluated and tested by ANOV A and Duncan's multiple range test, and those results were as follows. 1. There was no significant differences between (P>0.05) shear bond strength of bonded bracke ts with 5, 10, 20 seconds washing etched enamel using 37%w/w% phosphoric acid solution. 2. The shear bond strength of bonded brackets with 20w/w% phosphoric acid and then washing for 5 seconds showed bonded strength durable to occlusal force but its coefficiency score was high and etched surface was not cleaned completely and therefore it was assumed that its clinical application is not applicable. 3. There was no significant differences between (P>0.05) shear bond strengths of bonded brckets with washing for 5 seconds etched enamel using 37w/w% phosphoric acid solution and 10, 20 seconds washing etched enamel using 20w/w% phosphoric acid solution. 4. The shear bond strength of washing for 5 seconds etched enamel which was contaminated with saliva showed sufficient bonded strength durable to occlusal force but its coefficiency score was high and therefore its clinical application was not applicable. 5. After etching, the sample contaminated with saliva showed the sufficient shear bond strength even washing 20 seconds without re-etching.
Baths ; Bicuspid ; Bite Force ; Dental Cements* ; Dental Enamel ; Humans ; Saliva ; Salts ; Water