Different neutralizing agents were used as pH controller to investigate their effects on the growth and succinic acid production of Actinobacillus succinogenes NJ113. The fermentation results showed that Ca(OH)2, CaCO3 and NH4OH were not suitable for succinic acid production by A. succinogenes NJ113 because of their negative effects on cell growth. When Na-base was used, cells would flocculate and lump, and due to the sodium ion concentration reaching to a high level, OD660 dropped sharply after 12 h of fermentation. Mg-base was better because there was no significant inhibition by magnesium ion. Two combined neutralizing agents were used to maintain pH level, one with NaOH and Mg(OH)2 while the other with Na2CO3 and Mg(OH)2. The optimum ratios of the combined neutralizing agents were both 1:1 (g:g) when using 100 g/L glucose. When NaOH and Mg(OH)2 were chosen with the ratio of 1:1(g:g), 69.8 g/L of the succinic acid and 74.5% of the yield was obtained.
Actinobacillus ; genetics ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Industrial Microbiology ; Magnesium Hydroxide ; pharmacology ; Sodium Hydroxide ; pharmacology ; Succinic Acid ; metabolism

Spent cells recovered from anaerobic fermentation by Actinobacillus succinogenes were used as nitrogen source for succinic acid production. Three methods were investigated for cell wall-breaking. The results showed that enzymatic hydrolysis was more effective for higher succinic acid yield. When the enzymatic hydrolysate of spent cells was added to reach a total nitrogen concentration 1.11 g/L (equivalent to 10 g/L yeast extract), the succinic acid concentration was 42.0 g/L, but it increased slightly when enhancing the level of enzymatic hydrolysate. However, when 5 g/L yeast extract was supplemented with the enzymatic hydrolysate of spent cells, the succinic acid concentration reached 75.5 g/L after 36 hours and, the succinic acid productivity was 2.10 g/(L x h), which increased by 66.7% compared with the fermentation using 10 g/L yeast extract. Therefore, enzymatic hydrolysate of spent cells could replace 50% yeast extract in the original medium for succinic acid production.
Actinobacillus ; metabolism ; Anaerobiosis ; Culture Media ; pharmacology ; Fermentation ; Industrial Waste ; Succinic Acid ; metabolism

We investigated the effect of adding intermediate metabolites on cell growth and succinate production. The yield of succinic acid achieved to the highest when 0.5 g/L phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) was added. According to the metabolic network of Actinobaccilus succinogenes NJ113, the metabolic flux was calculated by metabolic flux analysis. The ratio of hexose monophosphate pathway to glycolytic pathway increased from 39.4:60.3 to 76.8:22.6 after adding 0.5 g/L PEP, thus the reducing power was better balanced. The flux of PEP to oxaloacetate was 23.8% higher, which made the succinic acid flux improve from 99.8 mmol/(g DCW x h) to 124.4 mmol/(g DCW x h) and the flux of acetic acid and formic acid decreased by 22.9% and 15.4%, respectively. The key enzyme activity analysis showed that the specific activity of PEP carboxykinase reached to 1910 U/mg with 0.5 g/L PEP addition, which was 74.7% higher than the control; and the specific activity of pyruvate kinase decreased by 67.5%. Finally, the concentration of succinic acid was 29.1 g/L with the yield of 76.2%.
Actinobacillus ; metabolism ; Anaerobiosis ; Culture Media ; Culture Techniques ; methods ; Fermentation ; Phosphotransferases (Paired Acceptors) ; metabolism ; Succinic Acid ; metabolism

An ammonium-tolerant mutant of Actinobacillus succinogenes, YZ25, was obtained in the medium containing 61-242 mmol/L NH4+ after DES mutagenesis. Succinic acid produced by the mutant YZ25 reached 32.68 g/L when the medium contains 50 g/L glucose and 121 mmol/L ammonium, which was increased by 180.5% compared with that of the parent strain. The effects of different ammonium salts on the growth of the mutant and its metabolic response to high ammonium concentrations were investigated. The results showed that low ammonium concentration could improve the specific growth rates of the mutants, while high ammonium concentration inhibited cell growth. The ammonia-nitrogen half-inhibition constants (Ki) for different ammonium salts were as follows: 215 mmol/L for (NH4)2SO4, 265 mmol/L for NH4HCO3, 235 mmol/L for NH4Cl, and 210 mmol/L for NH4NO3. The process of ammonium inhibition on the mutant YZ25 was investigated in 3.0 L stirred fermenter. When NH4OH was used to buffer the pH, cell growth was not inhibited. However, production of succinic acid and consumption of glucose gradually decreased when cells entered the stationary phase, and the glucose could not be utilized completely at the end of fermentation. The possible ammonium inhibition mechanism was discussed based on the metabolic pathway of A. succinogenes.
Actinobacillus ; genetics ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Bioreactors ; Drug Tolerance ; Fermentation ; Industrial Microbiology ; Mutation ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Succinic Acid ; metabolism