Objective To develop a method for the determination of four saponins of panax notoginseng in Compound Dan-shen Prescription (CDP) by HPLC. Methods The conditions for the experiment were: determination of notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Re with acetonitrile - 0. 05 % phosphoric acid (19 : 81) as mobile phase and the detection wave at 203nm, determination of ginsenoside Rb1 with acetonitrile - water (33 : 67) as mobile phase and the detection wave at 203nm. Results A good linearity for notoginsenoside R1 was in the range of 0. 24 ~ 3. 6?g ( r = 0. 9997), 1. 2 ~ 18?g (r = 0. 9994) for ginsenoside Rg1, 0. 08 ~ 1. 2?g(r = 0. 9997) for ginsenoside Re and 0. 25-3. 72?g (r = 0. 9998) for ginsenoside Rb1. The stability of the four saponins is well kept at 4℃ for four months. Conclusion This method is simple, rapid, accurate and with good reproducibility and can be used for the quality control of CDP.

Objective:To establish an evaluation index system for training effect of order-oriented clinical medical students in Xinjiang by employers, so as to lay a foundation for training effect evaluation.Methods:On the basis of questionnaires and interviews with the training requirements of employers, Delphi method was used to determine the index system and weight.Results:The training requirements of employing units for the ability of free and directional medical students in autonomous regions were in turn competent for work, knowledge and practical ability, and good moral quality. The cultivation requirements for students' personal qualities of free and directional medical students were good interpersonal communication and moral quality. After three rounds of Delphi expert consultation, the evaluation index system was established, and three dimensions (knowledge, professional ability, professional ethics literacy), nine secondary indicators and 33 tertiary indicators were screened out, and the weights were determined.Conclusion:The evaluation index of training effect of directional clinical medical students established by Delphi expert consultation method needs further validation. Through the follow-up empirical application in directional clinical students, the evaluation index system can be constantly improved, which can also provide reference for the establishment of evaluation index system for other positions.

Objective To study and contruct competency characteristic evaluation models of nursing supervisors in secondly hospitals.Methods Using the matron semi-structured interviews,literature review,questionnaire survey and expert questionnaires to discuss the competency of nursing supervisors in secodary hospitals.Results We found that the competency model of nursing supervisors in secondary hospitals could better reflect the competency of nursing supervisors.The model had 16 competencies which included knewleage skills.management and individual characters.Conclusions Through the study of the model of competency nursing supervisors in secondary hospitals,we form a set of standard for nursing supervisor selection based on their competency.The standard can help to select the most suited nursing supervisors who have great potentials.

A new phenolic amide glycoside, cimicifugamide A (1) along with four known compounds, trans-feruloyl tyramine 4-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), (+)-isolariciresinol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), cimidahurine (4), and 24-epi-7, 8-didehydrocimigenol-3-O-beta-D-xylopyranoside (5) were isolated from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga dahurica. Compound 3 was identified as a lignan and has been obtained from Cimicifuga genus for the first time. The structure of compound 1 was elucidated by IR, UV, HR-MS and NMR spectroscopic methods.

Objective To investigate the effects of proanthocyanidins on depressant-like behaviors and the structure of adrenal gland in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats. Methods Rats were randomly divided into 6 groups:control group, stressed group (CUMS + vehicle), three treatment groups (CUMS + proanthocyanidins 25,50,100 mg·kg-1,respectively) ,and imipramine group (CUMS + imipramine 10 mg·kg-1). Used the CUMS model in rats to investigate the effects of chronic oral administration (21 days) of proanthocyanidins and imipramine (ip) on the open-field;and forced swimming and sucrose consumption tests and the ratio of adrenal gland/body weight,and its thickness were examined by HE stain. Results Compared with control group, rats subjected to CUMS exhibited increased ratio of adrenal gland /body weight ( P < 0. 01), less sucrose consumption( P<0.01) and inhibited in the open-field test( P<0.01) as well as more despair time in the forced swimming test( P<0.01). While compared with stressed group,treatments with proanthocyanidins (25,50,100 mg·kg-1, po ,21 days) could significantly improve the activities in open-field test ((39.6±3.4) vs (49±4.5), (52.6±3.7),(54.1±1.8) ;all P<0.01) and sucrose consumption( (5.8±2.5)ml vs (8.1±3.3)ml,(8.5±4.1) ml, (9.2±2.6) ml; P < 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.01 respectively); Meanwhile, it could reduce the duration time in forced swimming test significantly( (103.5±10.2)s vs (83.7±8.8)s,(75.8±5.9)s,(67.2±6.5)s; all P<0.01) as well as thickness of the adrenal gland(P<0.05, P<0.01).Conclusions This study suggests that the proanthocyanidins (25,50,100 mg·kg-1) has an antidepressant-like effects in CUMS rats. The antidepressant actions of proanthocyanidins, in some degrees, may be related with the regulation of the adrenal gland's structure.

AIM To establish an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous content determination of paeoniflorin,albiflorin,neochlorogenic acid,chlororogenic acid,catechin,epicatechin,ethyl gallate,danshensu,ferulic acid,caffeic acid,gallic acid,protocatechuic acid,protocatechualdehyde and rosmarinic acid in Yangxue Qingnao Granules (Angelicae sinensis Radix,Chuanxiong Rhizoma,Paeoniae Radix Alba,etc.).METHODS The analysis of methanol extract of this drug was performed on a 20 ℃ thermostatic Waters Symmetry Shield RP C18 column (3.9 mm × 150 mm,5 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of acetonitrile-water (containing 0.1％ formic acid) flowing at 0.4 mL/min in a gradient elution manner.RESULTS Fourteen constituents showed good linear relationships within their own ranges,whose average recoveries were 85.5％-107.0％ with the RSDs of 2.0％-5.0％.CONCLUSION This simple,sensitive,accurate and reproducible method can be used for the quality control of Yangxue Qingnao Granules.

OBJECTIVEUse HPLC to study the permeation of ingredients of Shuanghuanglian injection powder (SHL) through placental barriers of rats at different stages of pregnancy.

METHODThe pregnant rats were administered SHL for 5 d through caudalis vena at different stages of pregnancy. Plasma and embryonic tissues were obtained 12 h after the final administration of SHL. The componds in biological specimen were identified by HPLC.

RESULTBaicalin, luteolin and wogonoside were the main compounds in plasma. Wogonoside retained in first trimester embryonic tissues, and baicalin retained in the embryonic tissues of different pregnant stages.

CONCLUSIONBaicalin is the main compound of SHL through placental barriers of rats. Embryotoxicity of baicalin should be considered as the key point to evaluate the safety of SHL.

Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; analysis ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Injections ; Male ; Models, Animal ; Permeability ; Placenta ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

OBJECTIVETo identify the compounds in fruits of Psoralea corylifolia by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

METHODThe chromatographic separation was carried out at 30 degrees C on a Diamonsil C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) eluted in the gradient program. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile (A) and water containing 0.05% formic acid (B). The detection wavelength was at 246 nm and the on-line UV spectra was recorded in the range of 190-400 nm. The mass spectra were obtained by Finnigan LCQ Deca XP(plus) ion trap mass spectrometer in the positive ion mode with ion spray voltage 4.5 kV, sheath gas (N2), 60 arbitrary units, auxiliary gas (N2), 20 arbitrary units; capillary temperature, 350 degrees C, capillary voltage 19 V, tube lens offset voltage 25 V, mass range recorded, m/z 90-800.

RESULTTwo coumarin glycosides, three coumarins, eight flavonoids and one meroterpene were identified by HPLC-MS method.

CONCLUSIONThe method is simple and rapid for the identification and quality control for the fruits of P. corylifolia.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Mass Spectrometry ; methods ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; Psoralea ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo investigate the major influence factors of child neglect among rural areas children aged 3-6 years in China.

METHODSAccording to multi-stage stratified cluster sampling, distribution characteristics and the level of economic development, we randomly sampled 10 provinces, 26 cities (8 capital cities, 16 prefecture-level cities and 2 municipalities) using lottery method. Depending on the different level of economic and cultural, we sampled one medium county from each city (municipalities sampled two counties), a total of 28 counties. All towns were divided into high, medium and low three levels in accordance with economic and cultural, each level sampled one town, each conty sampled three towns, a total of 84 towns were sampled. Each town sampled 40 children, including 20 boys and 20 girls (including each 10 children aged 3 to 6, half and half boys and girls). 4 096 rural children aged 3-6 years old were sampled and surveyed of China. Based on "the Neglect Norms for Children Aged 3 to 6 Years Old in Rural Areas of China" explored the risk factors of child neglect. SPSS 18. 0 for windows was employed for statistics analysis. Multifactorial analysis was conducted through multivariate Logistic Regression.

RESULTSThe total neglected rate of the rural children aged 3 to 6 was 53.7% (2,047/3,810), and the total neglected degree was 44.42±7.57. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, neglected risk of the boys was higher than the girls (OR=1.30, 95% CI: 1.13-1.49), neglected risk of children were higher, when their mothers were migrant workers (OR=2.18, 95% CI: 1.59-3.00); the lower educational level of mothers, the higher neglected risk of children, the children in families that mothers only received primary education or was uneducated were most likely to be neglected (OR=2.92, 95% CI: 1.91-4.47), the second was the families that mothers received primary education (OR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.29-2.69); the lower the household income, the easier to be neglected the children, the easiest one was the household income less than 5000 RMB (OR=2.85, 95% CI: 2.14-3.79), the second was 5000-9,999 RMB (OR=1.76, 95% CI: 1.40-2.20); the relationship between children and mothers was distanced, neglect risk of children was higher (OR=3.88, 95% CI: 1.31-11.52); left behind children were easier to be neglected (OR=1.30, 95% CI: 1.09-1.54).

CONCLUSIONThe influence factors among children aged 3-6 years in the rural areas of China were boys, mother's occupation, maternal education level, the relationship between children and mothers, household income and left-behind children.

Child Abuse ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Demography ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mothers ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Transients and Migrants