Objective To evaluate the management of acute diarrhea in adult and to assess physician's adherence to guidelines recommended by Manatsathit working group.Methods A multicenter cross-sectional survey was carried out in 10 hospitals in Shaanxi Province with assignment of 40 patients each hospital.The difference of enumeration data between groups was analyzed using chi square test.Quantitative data were compared using t test.Results Data were collected from 400 patients.60.5％ (242/400) were female and mean age was (38.4 ± 17.5) years.In Manatsathit guideline,stool examination and stool culture for bacteria are recommended in patients with watery diarrhea with dehydration and in patients with bloody diarrhea.In this survey,of the 64 patients with dehydration,only 38 (59.4％) and 13 (23.3％) patients had done stool routine test and vibriocholera culture,respectively.Compared to Manatsathit guideline,the differences were obvious (x2 32.627 and 84.779,respectively; both P＜0.01).Of the 30 patients with bloody diarrhea,25 (83.3％) cases had stool examination done,which was roughly in line with Manatsathit guideline (x2 =3.491,P=0.062).However,stool culture for bacteria was performed only in 3 (10％) patients,which was significantly different with the guideline (x2 =49.091,P＜ 0.001).Overall,30 (7.5 ％) cases were diagnosed with acute bacillary dysentery clinically,and the remaining 370 (92.5％) were diagnosed with acute infectious diarrhea.Of the 370 patients with watery diarrhea,only 189 (51.1％) patients were prescribed with rehydration therapy,which was different with the recommendation of Manatsathit guideline (x2 =239.600,P＜0.01).Of the 216 patients who received rehydration therapy,144 (66.7％) cases should be prescribed with oral rehydration salts (ORS) and 72 cases should be prescribed with intravenous fluid replacement according to Manatsathit guideline.However,only 31 (14.4％) were prescribed ORS and up to185 (85.6％) patients received intravenous fluid replacement instead (bothx2 =122.700; both P＜0.01).On the basis of the guidelines,only 76 (19.0％) patients were eligible to use antibiotics.However,up to 258 (64.5％) patients were treated with antibiotics,which was absolutely against the recommendation of Manatsathit guideline (x2 =170.300,P＜0.01).Conclusions There are deep gaps between the clinical practice of treatment for acute diarrhea in adults in various levels of hospitals in Shaanxi Province and the recommendation of Manatsathit guideline.It is imperative to make domestic guidelines for adult acute diarrhea and to widely train physicians with algorithm for the management of adult acute diarrhea.

Objective To study immune function of peripheral blood dendritic cells in chronic hepa titis B virus infected patients. Methods Peripheral blood DCs of patients and normal human were isolated and cultured in serum free media. The expression levels of DC surface molecule were analyzed by flow cytometry and the ability of DC to induce T lymphocyte proliferation were evaluated by a liquid scintillation counter and the amounts of cytokines in MLR were measured detected. Results The expression rate of CD86 (70.2?5.2)% on DC in patients was decreased compared with that in controls. (95.3?3.5)%, P

Objective To study the activation induced cell death(AICD) in peripheral blood T lymphocytes(PBL T) from patients with chronic hepatitis B(CHB), and the role of AICD in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B. Methods The PBL Ts of 14 patients were isolated with negative selection by magnetic beads, and cultured with or without anti CD3 mAb in the presence of PMA and ionomycin. The apoptosis of PBL T was observed by TUNEL staining and assessed by Flow Cytometry. Results In CHB patients, the apoptotic rate of PBL T activated with anti CD3 mAb was significantly higher than that of without activation (16.73%?0.99% vs. 9.74%?1.14%, P 0.05), and a negative correlation existed between the level of INF? and apoptotic rate of T cell( r =-0.87126, P

OBJECTIVE To obtain the primary differential items between bacillary dysentery and other infectious diarrhea through risk factor analysis.METHODS The epidemiology and clinical manifestation of 138 bacillary dysentery patients and 205 other infectious diarrhea patients were investigated.The Logistic regression was used to screen the correlation factors to differentiate bacillary dysentery from other infectious diarrhea.RESULTS The mean temperature of bacillary dysentery patients was(38.4?0.7)℃,while that of other infectious diarrhea was(38.1?0.6)℃(P=0.023).Bacillary dysentery patients with tenesmus and mucous stool were 34.1% and 55.8%,respectively but of 11.7% and 1.5% of other infectious diarrhea patients(P

Objective To investigate the expression of programmed cell death-1(PD-1)ligands on HepG2 cell and 2.2.15 cell.Methods Culture HepG2 cell and 2.2.15 cell in vitro and stain the cells with fluorescence-labeled monoclonal antibodies specifically against PD-L1 and PD-L2,respectively.Isolate total RNA of HepG2 cell and 2.2.15 cell and detect the mRNA expressions of PD-L1 and PD-L2 by RT-PCR.Results The expression of PD-L1 on 2.2.15 cell was upregulated on the levels of both proteins and mRNA.The expression of PD-L2 in 2.2.15 cell was not detected.And neither the PD-L1 nor PD-L2 was detected in HepG2 cell.Conclusion HBV infection can upregulate the expression of PD-L1 on hepatocyte,which might contribute to the immune evasion of HBV.

BACKGROUND:Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cels (hUC-MSCs) can obviously relieve liver cirrhosis, and thereby repair liver injury. However, the molecular mechanism of hUC-MSCs therapy for liver cirrhosis is limited at present, and especialy the non-coding RNA regulation of hepatic gene changes has not been detailed. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the changes of microRNA after hUC-MSCs therapy in rats with liver cirrhosis. METHODS:Liver cirrhosis models were established in rats using carbon tetrachloride subcutaneous injection plus oral administration of alcohol. At 8 weeks after modeling, hUC-MSCs were injectedvia the tail vein once a week for 4 consecutive weeks. At 1 week after the last injection, rat liver tissues were colected for paraffin embedding. Liver RNA was extracted for gene chip analysis. Blood samples were colected and analyzed using an automatic biochemical analyzer to detect the changes of liver function. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were improved significantly after hUC-MSCs therapy. Fat lesions and necrosis of hepatocytes were significantly reduced. MicroRNA expression microarray hybridization analysis and PCR results showed that rno-miR-369-5p, rno-miR-3584-5p and rno-miR-153* were down-regulated during modeling and increased after hUC-MSCs therapy. And rno-miR-93, rno-miR-199a-3p, rno-miR-195, rno-let-7a and rno-miR-19a were firstly up-regulated in the process of modeling and then down-regulated obviously after hUC-MSCs therapy. These results suggest that hUC-MSCs may reverse liver cirrhosis and liver cel damage through up-regulation of rno-miR-369-5p, rno-miR-3584-5p and rno-miR-153*, and down-regulation of rno-miR-93, rno-miR-199a-3p, rno-miR-195, rno-let-7a and rno-miR-19a.

[Objective] China is one of high hepatitis B virus (HBV)-epidemic areas. The role of HBV and nonHodgkin lymphoma (NHL) has also recently been investigated. There is significantly higher prevalence rate of HBV infection among patients with NHL compared with other solid tumor and general population. HBV reactivation during chemotherapy is, however, a real concern. Several previous studies have reported increased risks of liver-related morbidity and mortality. The use of prophylactic anti-HBV drugs can effectively reduce the incidence and severity of hepatitis among HBV-infected patients who received chemotherapy for NHL.

Objective To develop a simple model for the noninvasive diagnosis of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B and to testify its diagnostic value. Methods One hundred and ninety patients with chronic hepatitis B who had undergone liver biopsy were divided into 2 groups:one for developing the model(n=110) and one for validation(n=80). Histological staging of liver fibrosis,assessed blindly and independently by 2 pathologists,was determined according to Scheuer fibrosis score.Twenty markers involved in the study were analyzed initially in the estimation group to derive a predictive model to discriminate the stages of fibrosis.The model created was then assessed with receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC)analysis. It was also applied to the validation group to test its accuracy. Results Haptoglobin(HPT),γ-glutamyl transpeptidase(GGT)and platelet were identified by logistic regression analysis as independent factors of fibrosis. A model developed from the above three markers was established to predict the stage of fibrosis(S). In ROC analysis,the area under curve(AUC) for identifying S≥1,S≥2,S≥3 and S=4 was 0.832,0.835,0.820 and 0.843 respectively. The model had a similar AUC in the vatidation group without statistically significant difierence. Using a cut-off of ＜0.18, significant fibrosis (S≥2)could be excluded in 27 patients of the total patient population(negative predictive value 90%).Similarly,applying a cut-off ≥0.70,significant fibrosis could be identified correctly in 67 patients of the total patient population(positive predictive value 82.7%).The model had a high level of diagnostic value in patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B as well as in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B(AUC for identifying S≥2,0.857 vs 0.802). Restricting biopsy to patients with intermediate scores(≥0.70 and ＜0.18) may prevent liver biopsies in 58.4% of the patients while maintaining 84.7% accuracy. Conclusions A model including HPT,GGT and platelet is a simple and reliable index for predicting significant fibrosis in patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B as well as in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B.

Objective To establish an auto-control system for high-throughput and multi-channel DNA synthesis which can simultaneously and quickly synthesize up to 96 different oligonucleotides in a 96-well microtiter format.Methods The PLC and its extended modules is used as the main-control unit, which executes the DNA automatic synthesis process according to the synthesis sequences and steps set by the user,and the manual injecting reagent etc.And the configuration software and VC6.0 were used for programming the man-machine interface sofeware to set synthesis parameters, position calibration,flux calibration data etc, and communicated with PLC.Results The synthesis application of about 150 000 DNA chains has proved that the synthesis cycle time for 96 couplings was 4 min,the average coupling efficiency was 99%across the entire 96-well plate,the monomer reagent usage was reduced by 50 percent,and the synthesis configuration was more flexible.Conclusion A reliable and simple auto-control system is provided for parallel synthesis of 96-channel oligonucleotide chains,which can meet the demands of high-throughput and multi-channel DNA synthesis.

Objective The hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein assembly inhibitors GLS4JHS could destroy HBV capsid assembly and the formation of non-capsid polymer structure.The aim of this study is to explore the mechanisms of GLS4JHS in inhibiting HBV replication.Methods HepAD38 cells was used as the study model.TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR with specific primers were used to measure the change in pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) levels under different concentrations.ChIP assay in HepAD38 cells was used to assess the recruitment of HBV core protein and histone modifications.Results The amount of cccDNA and pgRNA decreased with the increasing GLS4JHS concentrations.After the drug concentrations reached 400 nmol/L, cccDNA and pgRNA declined by 94% and 84%, respectively.Both HBV core protein occupancy on the cccDNA and cccDNA-bound H3 histone acetylation were reduced by GLS4JHS.Conclusions GLS4JHS decreases transcriptional activity of cccDNA and reduces pgRNA production by inhibiting cccDNA minichromosome bound to HBV core protein and acetylated histone H3, which results in HBV DNA formation.