Objective To study the effect of inflammatory cytokines on diabetic nephropathy.Methods Blood glucose(BG),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),serum creatinine(Scr) and 24 hour urinary protein(24hUPro) were detected at the end of 4 weeks and 8 weeks study in male SD rats.The rats were divided into diabetes(DM) group and normal control(NC) group.Kidney weight/body weight ratio(KI) of rats were measured and calculated.Kidney pathological changes were observed by light microscope and electron microscope.Expressions of interleukin-18(IL-18),intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1)and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-?) in glomeruli were detected by immunohistochemical staining.Results Compared with homochronous NC group,BG,KI,24hUPro,Scr and expressions of IL-18,ICAM-1,TNF-? were significantly higher in DM group(P

Objective To investigate protective effects of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on kidneys of diabetic rats and the possible mechanism. Methods Thirty-four streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: diabetic aminals without treatment (D group), diabetic rats treated with PDTC (P group), diabetic rats treated with MMF (M group), diabetic rats treated with combined PDTC and MMF (P+M group), and normal rats were considered as control group (C group). Blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr), and 24 h urinary protein (24 h UP) were detected at the end of treatment lasting for 8 weeks. Kidneys were weighed in order to measure kidney weight/body weight ratio (KI) after rats were killed. Pathological changes in the kidneys were observed by light microscope and electron microscope. Expressions of interleukin-18 (IL-18), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in renal glomerulus were detected by immunohistochemical staining.Results Blood glucose, BUN, Scr, 24 h UP, KI were significantly higher in D, P, M and P+M groups than those in C group (all P＜0.05). BUN, Scr, 24 h UP, KI were significantly lower in P, M and P+M groups than those in D group (all P＜0.05). 24 h UP was reduced in P+M groups compared with P,M groups (P＜0.05). Pathological changes were attenuated in P,M and P+M groups compared with D group. Expressions of IL-18, ICAM-1, TNF-α in renal glomerulus were much higher in D group than those in C group (all P＜0.05) and were reduced in P, M and P+M groups compared with D group (all P＜0.05). Expressions of IL-18, ICAM-1, TNF-α in P+M group were lower than those in P group (all P＜0.05), while expressions of IL-18, TNF-α were lower than those in M group (both P＜0.05). Conclusion The protective effects on kidneys of diabetic rats produced by combined use of PDTC with MMF were much better than by the application of either PDTC or MMF alone. The mechanism appears to be related with suppressing expressions of inflammatory cytokines.

Objective To investigate the effects of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α on glycolysis of human esophageal squamous carcinoma cells and the possible mechanism.Methods TE13 and Eca109 cells were cultured under normal oxygen (20％O2) and hypoxia (1％O2) conditions.The hypoxia was duration 6 hours,12 hours,24 hours and 48 hours.HIF-1α gene was stable silented by RNA interference method and TE13/small interfering HIF cells and Eca109/siHIF cells were obtained.The cell culture condition and time was same as TE13 and Eca109 cells.The changes of HIF-1α expression were detected by Western-blot.The changes of lactic acid concentration in cell culture supernatant were determined by Spectrophotometry.The changes of glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) and lactic dehydrogenase A (LDHA) expression at mRNA level were examined by realtime polymerase chain reaction.The changes of GLUT-1 and LDHA expression at protein level were tested by Western blot.Using t or t' test to analyze the effects of hypoxia duration on HIF-1αexpression at protein level.One-way ANOVA was applied for the difference analysis between the groups.Results In TE13 and Eca109 cells,the HIF-1α expression significantly increased under hypoxia condition and reached the peak at 12 hour (t=6.11,8.31; both P＜0.05).The lactic acid secretion of TE13/siHIF cells and Eca109/siHIF cells was (1.24±0.33) and (1.28±0.37) mmol/L,which significantly decreased when compared with TE13 and Eca109 cells [(3.25±1.34) and (4.91±1.69) mmol/L,t=2.53,3.59,both P＜0.05].The lactic acid secretion of TE13 and Eca109 cells significantly increased after hypoxia [(6.48±1.73) and (8.02± 1.95) mmol/L,t=2.715,2.050,both P＜0.05].There was no significant lactic acid secretion in TE13/siHIF cells and Eca109/siHIF cells after hypoxia (P ＞ 0.05).The expressions of GLUT-1 and LDHA at mRNA level were significantly suppressed in TE13/siHIF cells and Eca109/siHIF cells (normal oxygen:t=6.98,3.92,7.25,3.67,all P＜0.05).The expression of GLUT-1 at protein level remarkably weaked (normal oxygen:t=4.57、16.56,hypoxia:t=6.19、6.09,all P＜0.05),while the expression of LDHA at protein level slightly decreased (P＞0.05).Conclusions The level of glycolysis can be lowered by suppression HIF-1α expression in human esophageal squamous carcinoma cells.The pathway may be involved in the suppression of GLUT-1 and LDHA expression.Except for HIF-1α,there may be other regulating factors in LDHA protein expression at same time.

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of blocking PI3K/AKT pathway by wortmannin on hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and the effect on the expression of glycolysis associated genes in human esophageal carcinoma cell lines TE1 and TE13,and to analyze the relation between PI3K/AKT-HIF-1α pathway and glycolysis in esophageal carcinoma cells. Methods Esophageal carcinoma cell lines TE1 and TE13 pretreated with wortmannin (2 μmol/L) were incubated under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.And each cell line was divided into four groups.The expression of HIF-1α and glycolysis associated genes GLUT-1,LDHA and HK-Ⅱ at protein level were measured by.Western blot.The expression of HIF-1α,GLUT-1,LDHA and HK-Ⅱ at mRNA level was determined by real-time PCR. The activities of LDH and HK-Ⅱ and lactic acid (LA)concentration in the culture supernatant were tested with spectrophotometer method.Results Under normoxic condition,HIF-1α was expressed in TE1 cells and the expression of HIF-1α was inhibited by wortmannin (2 μmol/L),the most significant inhibitory effect was at 12 hours,therefore 12 hours was selected for the subsequent hypoxia experiment.Compared with untreated cells,the expression of HIF-1α、HK-Ⅱ 、GLUT-1、LDH-A at protein level significantly decreased in TE1 and TE13 cells after pretreated with wortmannin (P ＜ 0.05),and the expression of HIF-1α、HK-Ⅱ at mRNA level significantly decreased (P＜ 0.05).Under normoxic and hypoxic conditions,the HK-Ⅱ and LDH activities in TE1 and Te13 esophageal carcinoma cells significantly decreased after treated with wortmannin compared with untreated cells (P＜0.05).Under hypoxia condition,the enzyme activity increased in untreated cells (P＜ 0.05). Under normoxic and hyp0xic conditions,the lactic acid concentration in the culture supernatant obviously decreased in cells treated with wortmannin compared with untreated cells (P＜ 0.05). Under hypoxia condition,lactic acid concentration increased in wortmannin treated cells (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusions Under normoxic and hypoxic conditions,wortmannin decrease lactic acid concentration through inhibiting the expression of HIF-1α and glycolysis associated genes, which indicate PI3K/AKT-HIF-1α pathway was closely related to glycolysis in esophageal carcinoma cells.

Objective To evaluate regional airway obstruction with balloon catheter in stabilizing the vital signs in experimental animals suffered from acute massive pulmonary embolism. Methods Pulmonary embolism of right lung artery by using auto-blood clots or detachable latex balloons was established in 27 healthy sheep. When the blood oxygen saturation decreased by 25% compared to that before the procedure,the placement of balloon catheter in corresponding right main bronchus was carried out in 18 sheep (study group). Five sheep were used as control group. The blood oxygen saturation in the remaining four sheep did not reach the intervention level. The pulmonary arterial pressure, the peripheral arterial pressure, the central venous pressure, the heart rate, the blood oxygen saturation, the arterial partial pressure of oxygen as well as of carbon dioxide were invasively determined. Results The experimental model of acute massive pulmonary embolism was successfully established in 23 sheep. After the establishment of pulmonary embolism, increased heart rate, tachypnea, a decrease of ≥ 25% in blood oxygen saturation within 30 minutes and a rise in pulmonary arterial pressure were detected. After the placement of balloon catheter in study group, a reduction of the pulmonary arterial pressure and an elevation of the blood oxygen saturation as well as the arterial partial pressure of oxygen rose. were observed. The difference between study group and control group was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion The result of this animal experiment indicates that obstruction of airway with balloon can be served as a first aid for acute massive pulmonary embolism, which can stabilizes the animal's vital signs and, therefore, can help gain precious time for the follow-up thrombolysis treatment.

Objective To investigate the risk factors for prognosis of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).Methods The clinical data of 563 patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) treated from January 2008 to December 2014 were analyzed retrospectively.There were 334 patients with mild acute pancreatitis (MAP),and 198 patients with moderately severe acute pancreatitis (MSAP),and 31 patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).Risk factors associated with MAP and MSAP + SAP group,MSAP and SAP group were determined by univariate logistic regression,and multivariate analysis was used to determine the risk factors for severity of AP.Results Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that age,WBC,serum glucose,calcium,urea nitrogen arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2),SIRS,pleural effusion,peripancreatic fluid collection were associated with severity of AP in MAP and MSAP + SAP patients;age,serum calcium,PaO2,SIRS,pleural effusion,peripancreatic fluid collection were associated with severity of AP in MSAP and SAP patients.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age,serum calcium,PaO2 and peripancreatic fluid collection were risk factor of MSAP and SAP;age,serum calcimm and SIRS were risk factors of SAP patients for persistent organ failure and pancreatic necrosis.Conclusions For elderly AP patients,measurement of arterial partial pressure of oxygen and serum calcium,peripancreatic fluid collection can help evaluate the severity of AP and early recognition.For SAP patients,the presence of SIRS,high serum urea nitrogen,and low serum calcium and peripancreatic fluid collection raise the concerns of persistent organ failure and pancreatic necrosis.

Objective To investigate the sleep quality state of people who did physical examination,and its correlation with brachial-ankle Pulse Wave Velocity (baPWV).Methods The indexes of Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and baPWV were used.The people who did physical examination were divided into sleep disorders group (284 cases) and normal sleep group (608 cases) according to the results of PSQI survey.Results (1) There were 31.84％ of the people who had sleep quality problems.(2) The PSQI total score and the score of subjective sleep quality (SSQ),sleep duration (Sdu),daytime dysfunction (DD) of females were higher than males (t =6.71,3.46,2.45,3.96,P ＜0.05).The PSQI total score and the score of sleep latency (SL),habitual sleep efficiency (HSE),use of sleeping medication (USM) among different age groups were statistically analyzed (F =12.23,8.31,7.50,7.11,P ＜ 0.05).(3) The score of baPWV of sleep disorders group was higher than normal sleep group (t =5.14,P ＜ 0.05).There were significantly positive correlation between baPWV and total PSQI score,subjective sleep quality,sleep time,daytime dysfunction (r =0.28,0.45,0.30,0.36,0.35,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions 1/3 of the physical examination people have sleep quality problems.Sleep quality of females is worse than males.There are different styles among different age groups.There is significantly positive correlation between sleep quality and baPWV.

Objective To evaluate regional airway obstruction with balloon catheter in stabilizing the vital signs in experimental animals suffered from acute massive pulmonary embolism.Methods Pulmonary embolism of right lung artery by using auto-blood clots or detachable latex balloons was established in 27 healthy sheep.When the blood oxygen saturation decreased by 25%compared to that before the procedure, the placement of balloon catheter in corresponding right main bronchus was carried out in 18 sheep(study group).Five sheep were used as control group.The blood oxygen saturation in the remaining four sheep did not reach the intervention level.The pulmonary arterial pressure,the peripheral arterial pressure,the central venous pressure,the heart rate,the blood oxygen saturation,the arterial partial pressure of oxygen as well as of carbon dioxide were invasively determined.Results The experimental model of acute massive pulmonary embolism was successfully established in 23 sheep.After the establishment of pulmonary embolism,increased heart rate,tachypnea,a decrease of≥25%in blood oxygen saturation within 30 minutes and a rise in pulmonary arterial pressure were detected.After the placement of balloon catheter in study group,a reduction of the pulmonary arterial pressure and an elevation of the blood oxygen saturation as well as the arterial partial pressure of oxygen rose were observed.The difference between study group and control group was statistically significant(P

Objective To investigate the changes of hypoxia-inducible factor(HIF)-1α and hexokinase-Ⅱ(HK-Ⅱ)expression in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its effect in glycolysis.Methods TE13 cells and Eca109 cells were cultured under hypoxic condition(1 ％O2)for different hypoxic time(6,12,24 and 48 hours).Cells cultured under normal oxygen condition(20％O2)were set as control.The changes of HIF-1α and HK-Ⅱ expressions at protein level were detected by Western blot.HIF-1α genes were specifically silenced with RNA interference technology(RNAi),and then the changes of HIF-1α and HK-Ⅱ expression were determined by realtime PCR and Western blot.Under normal oxygen and hypoxic condition,the changes of lactic acid concentration in cell culture medium were detected by spectrophotometric method.Results Under hypoxic condition,the expression of HIF-1α and HK-Ⅱ gradually increased as hypoxic time extended(P＜0.05),reached a peak at 12h and then gradually decreased as time extended.Compared with that under normal oxygen condition,the expression of HK-Ⅱ in TE13 cells and Eca109 cells significantly increased under hypoxic condition(P＜0.05),which was more significant after 12 hours hypoxia.The result of realtime PCR indicated that under normal oxygen condition the expression of HIF-1α at RNA level in TE13/shRNA cells and Eca109/shRNA cells significantly decreased compared with TE13 cells and Eca109 cells without interference(P＜0.05).The expression of HK-Ⅱ at RNA level was consistent with the result of HIF-1α.Under normal and hypoxia condition,the expression of HK-Ⅱ at protein level in TE13/shRNA cells and Eca109/shRNA cells significantly decreased compared with TE13 cells and Eca109 cells without interference,and the difference was statistic significant(P＜0.05).The lactic acid secretion of TE13 cells and Eca109 cells under hypoxia condition(14.707 ± 3.594 and 15.062 ±3.901)was higher than that under normal oxygen condition(6.070±1.839 and 6.891±1.592,P＜0.05).The lactic acid secretion of TE13/shRNA cells and Eca109/shRNA cells significantly decreased compared with TE13 cells and Eca109 cells without interference,and the difference was statistic significant(P＜0.05).Conclusion The expressions of HIF-1α and HK-Ⅱ in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma significantly increased under hypoxia conditions.The expression of HK-Ⅱ is closely correlated with lactic acid concentration and HIF-1α expression.HIF-1α may affect cell glycolysis through HK-Ⅱ.

Objective To discuss the presentations, pathologic features, diagnosis and treatment of primary synovial sarcoma of the kidney. Methods One case of primary synovial sarcoma of the kidney was reported and the relevant literature was reviewed. A 55-year-old man was admitted with complaint of right abdomen and flank pain for 5 h. Computerized tomography revealed a 12.5 cm × 11.0 cm × 9. 0 cm mass located at the middle and lower pole of the right kidney. The patient was taken radical nephrectomy. Results The diagnosis of primary synovial sarcoma of the kidney in the patient was confirmed by postoperative pathology. Under microscope, tumor was typically mitotically active, monomorphic spindle cells growing in intersecting fascicles or in solid sheets with epithelial differentiation. In some areas a haemangiopericytoma-like pattern was found. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the tumor cells were positive for the markers Vimentin, CD99 and Bcl-2, but CK was negative. The patient died of local recurrence and multi-metastasis at 8 months after surgery. Conclusions Primary synovial sarcoma of the kidney is extremely rare with a high grade of malignancy,and its prognosis is poor. The diagnosis depends on pathological features, Immunohistochemical studies and RT-PCR detection. Radical resection combined with chemicaltherapy is considered to be the most reliable treatment so far.