Guidelines as Topic ; Pharmacoepidemiology ; Reference Standards

Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Medical Oncology ; standards ; Neoplasms

Child ; Documentation ; standards ; Humans ; Pediatrics ; standards ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; therapy ; Humans ; Lymphoma ; therapy ; Periodicals as Topic ; standards ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; standards ; Publishing ; standards

Acupuncture Therapy ; methods ; standards ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; methods ; standards ; Research Design ; standards

INTRODUCTIONPaediatric sepsis is a global health problem. It is the leading cause of mortality in infants and children worldwide. Appropriate and timely initial management in the first hours, often termed as the "golden hours", has great impact on survival. The aim of this paper is to summarise the current literature and updates on the initial management of paediatric sepsis.

MATERIALS AND METHODSA comprehensive literature search was performed via PubMed using the search terms: 'sepsis', 'septic shock', 'paediatric' and 'early goal-directed therapy'. Original and review articles were identified and selected based on relevance to this review.

RESULTSEarly recognition, prompt fluid resuscitation and timely administration of antibiotics remain key in the resuscitation of the septic child. Use of steroids and tight glycaemic control in this setting remain controversial.

CONCLUSIONThe use of early goal-directed therapy has had significant impact on patient outcomes and protocolised resuscitation of children in septic shock is recommended.

Humans ; Male ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Prostatectomy ; standards ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; surgery

Harmonization of clinical laboratory results means that results are comparable irrespective of the measurement procedure used and where or when a measurement was made. Harmonization of test results includes consideration of pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical aspects. Progress has been made in each of these aspects, but there is currently poor coordination of the effort among different professional organizations in different countries. Pre-analytical considerations include terminology for the order, instructions for preparation of the patient, collection of the samples, and handling and transportation of the samples to the laboratory. Key analytical considerations include calibration traceability to a reference system, commutability of reference materials used in a traceability scheme, and specificity of the measurement of the biomolecule of interest. International organizations addressing harmonization include the International Federation for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, the World Health Organization, and the recently formed International Consortium for Harmonization of Clinical Laboratory Results (ICHCLR). The ICHCLR will provide a prioritization process for measurands and a service to coordinate global harmonization activities to avoid duplication of effort. Post-analytical considerations include nomenclature, units, significant figures, and reference intervals or decision values for results. Harmonization in all of these areas is necessary for optimal laboratory service. This review summarizes the status of harmonization in each of these areas and describes activities underway to achieve the goal of fully harmonized clinical laboratory testing.
Chemistry, Clinical ; Documentation ; Guidelines as Topic ; Laboratories/*standards ; Reference Values

Asthma ; diagnosis ; therapy ; China ; Humans ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; standards

Adult ; Brain Death ; diagnosis ; China ; Guidelines as Topic ; standards ; Humans