Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus associated with important human diseases, including infectious mononucleosis syndrome, malignant lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The mechanism of EBV entry into host cells remains a subject of intensive research. After decades of study, researchers have identified several key proteins and different patterns of EBV intrusion into host cells. The viral surface glycoproteins, gp350/220, gp42, gB, gH, and gL, are involved in interactions with the CR2 receptor on the surface of B lymphocytes during viral entry. However, the majority of epithelial cells lack CR2 receptor expression, which makes viral invasion much more complex than in B lymphocytes. Three different models have been proposed to explain how EBV enters epithelial cells: (1) "transfer of infection", mediated by B lymphocytes or Langerhans cells; (2) EBV utilizes its own proteins during the process of fusion with the cell membrane; and (3) progeny virions arising from EBV-infected epithelial cells cross lateral membranes into adjacent epithelial cells. This review will discuss the relevant mechanism of viral entry into B lymphocytes and epithelial cells during EBV infection.
Animals ; B-Lymphocytes ; virology ; Epithelial Cells ; virology ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections ; virology ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; genetics ; physiology ; Humans ; Viral Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Virus Internalization

Objective To summarize the clinical characteristics and diagnosis of hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy(HHE) syndrome.Methods The clinical data of 5 children with HHE syndrome were analyzed.Cranial magnetic resonance imaging MRI and /or computerized tomography(CT) and electroencephalogram(EEG) were done in all patients.Results The age of onset was less than 4 years in 4 of 5 patients and initial seizures were associated with fever in 3 cases.The longest duration of convulsive seizures lasted more than 2 hours in all cases,followed by the appearance of hemiplegia involving the side of the body where the convulsions were localized.Subsequent epilepsy developed within 2 years of the hemiplegia in all 5 cases,with 4 cases simple partial seizure and 1 case psychomotor seizures.All cases had mental retardation.Cranial MRI showed left hippocampal sclerosis in 4 patients and CT brain scan showed right cerebral hemiatrophy in 1 case.The EEG showed abnormality in all patients.Epileptiform discharges were found in 4 cases,and the damage hemisphere showed slowing and low voltage of background activity in 1 case.All cases received mainly carbamazepine therapy,and the seizures were satisfactorily controlled or partly controlled.Conclusions HHE syndrome is recognized as hemiplegia-epilepsy syndrome after prolonged hemiconvulsion.The hippocampal sclerosis may be the consequence of repeated seizures,but not the cause.Better understanding of the syndrome,early and adequate treatment of prolonged seizures,especially of febrile convulsion,will reduce the incidence of HHE syndrome.

Objective:To study the application value of self-made endometrial sampler in the diagnosis of endometrial lesions.Methods:A total of 80 patients with endometrial lesions and indications for diagnostic curettage were enrolled in Department of Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Jiading District from November 2014 to January 2016.All of patients were presenting for endometrial biopsy by self-made endometrial sampler before hysteroscopy and diagnostic curettage.The pathologic diagnostic accordance of the two groups were evaluated.Results:The coincidence rate of pathologic diagnosis between self-made endometrial sampler and hysteroscopic curettage was 87.84%.The pathological diagnosis results of the two groups were in good coherence (Kappa=0.75).No statistical significance of specimen satisfaction was found between two groups (P=0.276).The operation time in self-made endometrial sampler group was significantly shorter than that in hysteroscopic curettage group (P<0.01).Conclusions:The pathological results of self-made endometrial sampler is similar to hysteroscopic curettage.It suggests that self-made endometrial sampler is comparable for the diagnosis of endometrial lesions.

OBJECTIVETo observe the influence of lead exposure on the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in different brain regions of rat.

METHODSBy establishing a series of rat models exposed to different low levels of lead (drinking water containing 0.025%, 0.050%, 0.075% of lead acetate) during developing period, NOS activities in hippocampus, cerebellum, cerebral cortex and brain stem were studied.

RESULTSOn the 21st day after birth, NOS activities in hippocampus of three levels of lead exposed groups [(1.53 +/- 0.20), (1.66 +/- 0.23), (1.88 +/- 0.32) U/mg pro respectively], and in cerebellum [(0.87 +/- 0.24), (0.85 +/- 0.09), (0.91 +/- 0.18) U/mg pro respectively] were significantly lower than those of control group [(2.36 +/- 0.18), (1.41 +/- 0.18) U/mg pro, respectively, P < 0.01]. NOS activities in cerebral cortex of 0.075% group [at 7, 14, 21 d of age [(1.29 +/- 0.14), (1.03 +/- 0.15), (0.69 +/- 0.10) U/mg pro] were significantly lower than those in control group [(2.54 +/- 0.31), (1.64 +/- 0.22), (1.24 +/- 0.14) U/mg pro respectively], and 0.025% group [(2.42 +/- 0.19), (1.59 +/- 0.17), (1.27 +/- 0.12) U/mg pro respectively], and 0.050% group [(2.56 +/- 0.53), (1.77 +/- 0.19), (1.24 +/- 0.10) U/mg pro respectively, P < 0.05]. There were no significant differences among control, 0.025%, and 0.050% groups (P > 0.05). Lead exposure had no influence on NOS activity in brain stem at the same age (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONNOS activities in hippocampus, cerebellum and cerebral cortex were inhibited by low level lead exposure and the degree of the effect was related to Pb exposure time and/or level of Pb exposed.

Animals ; Brain ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Brain Stem ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Cerebellum ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Cerebral Cortex ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Hippocampus ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Lead ; toxicity ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Time Factors

Objective To understand the current situation of iodine deficiency diserders(IDD) in Longyan City and to evaluate the effect of prevention and control measures of IDD in order to provide evidence for formulating prevention and control tactics. Methods During the year of 2006 and 2007, the 30 primary schools were screened by population proportion survey(PPS) from the 7 counties of Longyan City. Forty children aged 8-10 years in each school were randomly selected as a group to examine thyroid, and 7 children in each group were selected to measure the urine iodine and the salt iodine at the same time. The goiter rote, the median urinary iodine, the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt, the iodine salt coverage rate, the rate of qualified iodized salt and the non-iodized rate were detected. Results The goiter rate of children aged 8-10 years old in Longyan City was 0.94%(79/8438). The median urinary iodine was 259.12 μg/L. The consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 97.86% (1462/1494). The iodine salt coverage rate was 99.46%(1486/1494). The rate of qualified iodized salt was 98.38 (1462/1486), and the non-iodized rate was 0.54% (8/1494). Conclusions All indicators have reached the national standard of eliminating IDD in Longyan City.

Objective：This study was designed to explore the effect of BRD7 gene negative associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) on the growth of NPC cell line HNE1. Methods： The mammal expression vector of BRD7, pcDNA3.1(＋ )/BRD7, was constructed and transfected into HNE1 cell. Stable G418 resistant clones were isolated, and the integration of the exogenous vector DNA and the expression of BRD7 gene were detected by Southern blot and RT PCR respectively. Finally the cytobiological characterization of positive clone (B 4) was analyzed by using population double time (PDT), soft agar assay, cytometry, and xenograft. Results： The PDT of G418 resistant HNE1 cell with epression of BRD7 was 53 h and significantly longer than that of vector transfected HNE1 cell and untransfected HNE1 (P< 0.01). Flow cytometric data shown that more BRD7 transfected cells went into phase G0－ G1 than controls. And it also presented decreased clonogenicity and tomorigenicity in soft agar assay and tumor formation in nude mice. Conclusion： The reexpression of BRD7 could favor the malignant phenotype revision of NPC cells. And BRD7 gene might be a good candidate of tumor suppressor gene correlated with NPC.

OBJECTIVETo study and compare the clinical and electroencephalography (EEG) features in children with benign occipital epilepsy (BOE) of Gastaut and Panayiotopoulos types.

METHODSThe clinical data of 23 children with BOE (16 Gastaut type and 7 Panayiotopoulos type) were retrospectively studied.

RESULTSThe mean age of onset in the Panayiotopoulos and Gastaut groups were 4.5 and 9.1 years, respectively. The children in the Panayiotopoulos group were characterized by ictal vomiting, frequent deviation of eyes and head, frequent nocturnal seizures, and secondary generalized seizures with longer duration but less frequency. By comparison, the children in the Gastaut group were characterized by visual symptoms as ictal events, higher seizure frequency, shorter seizure duration and more frequent diurnal seizures. The EEG showed that the majority of both groups had occipital spike-wave discharges when the eyes were opened. Eleven children in the Panayiotopoulos group and all of 7 children in the Gastaut group received antiepileptic mono-drug therapy. All of the 11 children in the Panayiotopoulos group responded to the therapy, but 2 cases in the Gastaut group did not respond and 2 cases had subtle cognitive deficits.

CONCLUSIONSThere are differences in the age of onset, clinical symptoms, seizure frequency and duration, and therapeutic responses between children with Panayiotopoulos and Gastaut type BOE.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsies, Partial ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male

OBJECTIVETo investigate the usefulness of (18)F-FDG PET/CT imaging in restaging, evaluating the treatment outcome, monitoring relapse and predicting prognosis of T-cell lymphoma.

METHODSRetrospective analysis of PET/CT image results of thirty-four patients with T-cell lymphoma, and to evaluate its clinical significance in restaging, treatment efficiency, relapse monitor and prognosis prediction.

RESULTSClinical restaging among the 20 stage I and II patients, 6 were ascended, 9 descended and 5 unchanged. Restaging among the other 14 stage III and IV patients, 3 were ascended, 4 descended and 7 unchanged. There were 12 patients in complete remission (CR), 11 in partial remission (PR), 2 in stable disease (SD) and 9 in progressive disease (PD) among all the 34 patients. There is obvious statistical difference of the standardized uptake value (SUV) between the efficacy group and the inefficacy group after treatment of 6 courses at least in 25 patients among all the 34 patients (P = 0.009). There is obvious statistical difference of the SUV value before and after treatment in 8 patients among all the 34 patients (P = 0.000). There is obvious statistical difference in the survival time between the efficacy group and the inefficacy group after treatment of 6 courses at least in 25 patients among all the 34 patients (P = 0.015).

CONCLUSIONS(18)F-FDG PET/CT imaging plays an very important role in guiding clinical restaging, evaluating the treatment outcome, monitoring relapse and predicting prognosis of T-cell lymphoma. It is helpful to establish personalized treatment planning.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 ; Humans ; Lymphoma, T-Cell ; diagnostic imaging ; therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; methods ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; methods ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

AIM To investigate the therapeutic action and mechanism of Shuwei Decoction (Bupleuri Radix,Cyperi Rhizoma,Atractylodis macrocephalae Rhizoma,etc.) on functional dyspepsia (FD) from the perspectives of autophagy and intercellular gap junction pathway through its impact on the expressions of Beclin-1,mTOR,Cx43 protein and mRNA in gastric antrum pyloric smooth muscle cells of FD model rats.METHODS Sixty Wistar rats were randomly divided into control (blank) group,model group,mosapride group (1.37 mg/kg),low,medium and high dose Shuwei Decoction groups (7.67 g/kg,15.34 g/kg,30.68 g/kg,respectively).FD model rats were prepared according to compound etiological modeling method for 21 days.On the first day after modeling,the rats in each group were given the corresponding medicine for intragastric administration once a day for 14 days.Two hours after the last administration,we procured gastric antrum and pyloric tissues from the sacrificed rats.The expressions of Beclin-1,mTOR and Cx43 protein were detected by Western blot,and so were the expressions of Beclin-1,mTOR and Cx43 mRNA by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR).RESULTS We observed decreased expression of Beclin-1 protein in low,medium and high dose Shuwei Decoction groups (P ＜ 0.01),and an increased expression of Cx43 protein in high dose Shuwei Decoction group (P ＜ 0.05).In medium and high dose Shuwei Decoction groups,decreased expression of Beclin-1 mRNA (P ＜ 0.01),and increased expression of mTOR and Cx43 mRNA (P ＜ 0.01) were detected as well.CONCLUSION Shuwei Decoction can improve FD by suppressing cell autophagy and enhancing the function of gap junction through up-regulating the expression of mTOR mRNA and Cx43 protein and mRNA,and down-regulating the expression of Beclin-1 protein and mRNA.

Objective To explore the epidemics of influenza viruses in Guangzhou area from 1998 to 2003. Methods The specimens for viral isolation were taken with swabs from children's throats and the material was inoculated into the MDCK cells and were incubated at 33 ℃ The supernatant of MDCK cells culture was tested with hemagglutination test. Results Influenza viruses were isolated from 264 of 3444 children; total positive rate of influenza virus isolation was 7.6%. The positive rate of influenza viruses was 16.8% in 1998; the prevailing strain of influenza viruses was H3N2. The influenza viruses isolation rate was 7.4% in 1999;the positive rate was 8.4% ; HIN1 occurred in 2000, the positive rate was 3.8%. H3N2 did not occur in 2001; the positive rate was 7.3% ; influenza B viruses was the prevailing strain in 2002; the positive rate was 1.7% in 2003. Influenza B viruses was Yamagata like strain from 1998 to 2001, Victoria like strain from 2002 to 2003. H9N2 avian influenza virus was isolated from a child. Conclusions Influenza was prevalent in Guangzhou in 1998, but not prevalent from 1999 to 2003. Most of influenza B viruses were Yamagata strain. There were cases avian influenza caused by H9N2 in 1999.