[Objective] Antifungal action of fat-soluble extracts from Bulbus Allii Cepae (BAC) by different extraction technology on 16 strains of dermatophytes was observed to supply evidence for the optimization of extraction technology for BAC. [Methods] Four methods were used for the extraction of fat-soluble extract from BAC and the antifungal action of the extract was tested by medium dilution method. [Results] Fat-soluble extract freshly extracted from BAC by ether had a strong in-vitro antifungal action and its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was not over 6.25 mL?L-1 against 10 strains of fungi including Shanghai Epidermophytom floccosum and its MIC against other strains ranged 12.5 -50.0 mL?L-1. The minimum fungicidal concentration of fat-soluble extract freshly extracted from BAC by ether was as the same as MIC. Fat-soluble extract freshly extracted by ether had no antifungal action after water removal by heating. [Conclusion] The extraction technology of freshly extracted by ether without heating is a better method for BAC and the fat-soluble extract extracted by this method has a better antifungal action.

AIM To study the effect of Vit E on the MLCK activity and expression in the liver of atherosclerosis model rabbits. METHODS The MLCK activity of rabbit liver was measured by the method of ?- 32P incorporated and its expression was detected by immunofluorescent. RESULTS The model of atherosclerosis was estabilished. After rabbits were fed with cholesterol for four weeks and twelve weeks, the activity of MLCK increased markedly, and there was significantly statistical difference compared with the normal control (P0.05). MLCK expression increased after the rabbits was fed with cholesterol for four weeks, and this increase became more obvious had been the rabbits was fed with cholesterol for twelve weeks. The expression decreased when vitamin E had been added into the cholesterol fed. CONCLUSION The pathology of liver may be associated with the increase of the activity of MLCK. Vit E may reduce MLCK activity and protect hepatocyte from injury.

On account of the dense cuticles of the fresh stem and the light, hard and pliable texture of the dried stem, Dendrobii Caulis is difficult to dry or pulverize. So, it is very important to the ancient doctors that Dendrobii Caulis should be properly treated and applied to keep or evoke its medicinal effects. The current textual research results about the preliminary processing, processing and usage methods of Dendrobii Caulis showed that: (1) In history the clinical use of fresh or processed Dendrobii Caulis as teas and tinctures were very common. (2) Its roots and rhizomes would be removed before using. (3) Some ancillary approaches were applied to shorten drying times, such as rinsing with boiling mulberry-ash soup, washing or soaking with liquor, mixing with rice pulp and then basking, etc. (4) According to the ancients knowledge, the sufficient pulverization, by means of slicing, rasping, hitting or pestling techniques, was necessary for Dendrobii Caulis to take its effects. (5) The heat processing methods for Dendrobii Caulis included stir-baking, stir-frying, steaming, decocting and stewing techniques, usually with liquor as an auxiliary material. Among above mentioned, steaming by pretreating with liquor was most commonly used, and this scheme was colorfully drawn in Bu Yi Lei Gong Pao Zhi Bian Lan (Ming Dynasty, 1591 CE) ; moreover, decocting in advance or long-time simmering so as to prepare paste products were recommended in the Qing Dynasty. (6) Some different processing programs involving stir-baking with grit, air-tightly baking with ondol (Kangs), fumigating with sulfur, which appeared in modern times and brought attractive outward appearance of the drug, went against ancients original intentions of ensuring drug efficacy.
Dendrobium ; History, Ancient ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; history ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; history

AIMTo investigate the possible involvement of glutamate(Glu) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the central regulation of baroreflex.

METHODSThe baroreflex was induced by intravenous injection of phenylephrine in conscious rats, and the extracellular concentration of Glu in the PVN region was measured by microdialysis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. To determine whether the observed Glu release was involved in the baroreflex, NMDA and non-NMDA receptor antagonists, MK-801 and CNQX, were perfused in the PVN region during baroreflex.

RESULTSDuring baroreflex, the Glu concentration in the PVN region immediately increased to 384.82% +/- 91.77% of basal level (P < 0.01). (2) During baroreflex, direct perfusion of MK-801 and CNQX in the PVN were attenuated the increase of blood pressure and enhanced the decrease of HR (P < 0.01),resulting a significant increase in baroreflex sensitivity (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONGlutamate in PVN is involved in central regulation of baroreflex, which may inhibit baroreflex via ionothopic glutamate receptors.

6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Baroreflex ; drug effects ; physiology ; Dizocilpine Maleate ; pharmacology ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists ; pharmacology ; Male ; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus ; physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

Aim To study the effect of melatonin on expression and activity of myosin light chain kinase in the artery wall of atherosclerotic rabbits.Methods The rabbit model of atherosclerosis was induced by a high-cholesterol diet.The blood lipid levels were assayed in the serum of each group.MLCK expression was detected by Western blot and immunohistochemical method.MLCK activity was measured by ?-32P-ATP incorporation into myosin light chain.Results The atherosclerosis model was established successfully.The levels of lipids decreased after MLT treatment.After fed with cholesterol for twelve weeks,the expression and activity of MLCK in the artery of atherosclerotic rabbits increased markedly,whereas there was no obvious difference in expression of MLCK in the artery of atherosclerotic rabbits fed with cholesterol and melatonin for twelve weeks compared with that of control.Conclusions It was suggest that high expression and activity of MLCK in the artery might be closely correlated with the development of atherosclerosis.Melatonin played an important role in inhibiting the development of atherosclerosis by decreasing the expression and activity of MLCK.

Objective To study the survival time of recombination rival in environment and inactivation ability of different disinfectant and ultraviolet radiation against virus. Methods NC membranes absorbed the recombinant adenovirus (rADV) or herpes simplex vires (rHSV) with green fluorescence protein (GFP) were laid, or immersed in various concentration of different disinfectants such as ethanol, sodium hypochlorite, lysol and geramine and then taked out them every 15 min, or exposed under ultraviolet radiation, then the NC membranes were adsorbed 1 h in cell, 37 ℃ 5 % CO248 h. The results were observed under the fluorescence microscope. Results (1) the average survival time of rHSV under environment is less than 60 min, rADV is almost up to 2 h. (2) The infection ability of rHSV and rADV was inactived 15 min by both ethanol(100%, 70% and 50%) and sodium hypochlorite (5%, 2.5% and 1.25%). (3) Two virus can be killed by 0.1% bromngeramine. (4) Both 5% and 2.5% lysol, but rADV can not lost the infection on Vero Cell until 75 min by 1.25% Lysol. (5) The rHSV was inactivated under ultraviolet radiation, but rADV was not. Conclusion The survival time of is different from beth envelope rival and the no-envelope viral under nature environment and the inactivate ability of disinfectant also is different between two model virus; Disinfectant should be choose according to virus type.

Objective To investigate the phenomenon of accidental splashes and sprays from manipulation of recombinant virus material and to measure the approximate spilled distance when recombinant virus material inadveaenfly dropped in the biosafety laboratory.Methods first,two groups owning different experience simulated the course of accidental spills and splashes by recombinant adenovirus(rADV)which expressed green fluorescence protein(GFP),the GFP signal were observed in 96 well cell plate after spills appeared;Second,the routine two heishts(75 cm and 110 cm)and capacity(1 ml,1.5 ml,4 ml and 8 ml)of virus were chose to simulate the experiment of unexpected dropping.Results First,the positive quantity of the first group owning 5 years'experience is much less than the second group owning 2 years'work experience,the former was 7 positive wells,the latter was 81 positive when they used the pipette to operation.Second,when the unclosed test tubes(1 ml,1.5ml,4 ml and 8 ml recombinant virus)inadvertently dropped,the largest spill distance Was 0.92 m、1.57 m、2.63 mand 2.68 m respectively.Conclusion The better experience is important to make sure safety when we make infectious material;the contaminated distance increased with the amount of recombinant virus material.

OBJECTIVETo study the correlation of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 1p and 19q with the expression of MGMT, p53 and Ki-67 proteins in gliomas.

METHODSOne hundred and forty six cases of gliomas (45 oligodendrogliomas, 42 oligodendroastrocytomas, and 59 astrocytomas) were included in this study. Their tissue and blood samples were retrospectively analyzed by PCR-denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) for 1p and 19q status and by immunohistochemistry for MGMT, p53 and Ki-67 expression patterns. The correlation among them and with clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed by chi-square test and t-test.

RESULTSIn the oligodendrogliomas, the positive rate of 1p LOH was 59.8%, significantly higher than 33.9% in astrocytomas (P = 0.002), and 1p and 19q LOH was 42.5%, significantly higher than 16.9% in astrocytomas (P = 0.001). Combined with LOH on 1p and 19q, low MGMT expression (65.5%), and high Ki-67 expression (54%) were more frequent in oligodendrogliomas, whereas high p53 expression was more frequent in astrocytomas and mixed tumors (75.2%). 1p LOH (72.5%) and low MGMT (87.5%) expressions were more frequent in grade II oligodendrogliomas, whereas high expressions of p53 (83.0%) and Ki-67 (76.6%) were more frequent in grade III oligodendrogliomas. In addition, high Ki-67 expression was more frequent in grade III astrocytomas. LOH on 1p and 19q LOH was more frequent in nontemporal oligodendrogliomas (55.6%) than that in temporal ones (22.2%, P = 0.002). Non-random associations were found between LOH 1p and 19q LOH, MGMT and p53 protein expressions, and MGMT and Ki-67 protein expressions (all P < 0.05), whereas mutual exclusions were found between LOH on 1p and 19q and p53 expression, and LOH 1p and Ki-67 expression.

CONCLUSIONSThere is a significant interrelationship of the investigated molecular markers and clinicopathological features of gliomas, which support a promising role of molecular markers in guiding diagnostic assessment and clinical management of gliomas.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Astrocytoma ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Brain Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Child ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 ; genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19 ; genetics ; Female ; Glioma ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Ki-67 Antigen ; metabolism ; Loss of Heterozygosity ; Male ; Middle Aged ; O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase ; metabolism ; Oligodendroglioma ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 ; metabolism ; Young Adult

Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factor of Ofloxacin resistance among the tuberculosis patients in Shanghai.Methods Totally 447 isolates resistant to anyone of first-line drug (Isoniazid,Rifampicin,Streptomycin and Ethambutol) and 151 randomly selected isolates susceptible to all above drugs were collected from district tuberculosis(TB) hospitals in Shanghai during 2009 to 2010.All 598 isolates were subject to Ofloxacin sensitive test.Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine risk factors of Ofloxacin resistance.DNA sequencing was applied to study the mutation characteristics in gyrA and gyrB among Ofloxacin resistant isolates.Results Seventy-two(16.1%) of the 447 drug-resistant isolates were found resistant to Ofloxacin,and the Ofloxacin resistant rate among multiple drug-resistant (MDR) isolates was 39.6%(44/111).Ofloxacin resistance was also found in 4(2.6%) of the 151 drug sensitive isolates.Logistic regression analysis showed that first-line drug-resistance MDR(resistant to at least rifampin and isoniazid) and poly-drug resistance(resistance to two or more first-line drugs but not MDR) had significant effect on Ofloxacin resistance(OR = 19.5、5.6,95% CI:6.4 - 59.4、1.7 - 18.1,all P＜ 0.05);re-treatment(OR = 2.3,95 % CI:1.2 -4.0,P＜ 0.05),and a higher age(OR = 1.03,95 % CI:1.0 1 - 1.05,P＜ 0.05)were also significantly associated with Ofloxacin resistance.Resistance mutations in the gyrA and gyrB genes were detected in 62 of 76(81.6%) isolates with phenotypic Ofloxacin-resistance. Conclusions The Ofloxacin resistance rate in Shanghai MDR-TB patients is significantly higher than the pan-susceptible TB patients.Risk factors of ofloxacin resistance are MDR,poly-resistant,retreated patients,age.Among them,MDR has the highest strength of association.

OBJECTIVETo research the function of endophytes of mistletoe in parasitism process of mistletoe in Pterocarya stenoptera.

METHODEndophytes from eight different parts of the mistletoe were separated by explant culture, and further screened by different CMC plates culture and DNS method to get cellulase high productive strains. The distribution of the endophytic fungus parasitized in mistletoe were prepared and stained to demonstrate by histological section of the intumescentia part of the P. stenoptera.

RESULTThe histological section indicated that aboundent of hyphasma were distributed around the haustorium of the mistletoe. Eighty three strains of endophytic fungus were separated, 38 of them were able to degrade cellulose, 19 strains showed high cellulase activity and 10 of which were separated from the parasitic position.

CONCLUSIONEndophytic fungus of mistletoe can secrete cellulase and assist the haustorium of mistletoe to breakthrough the cell walls as well as intercellular space tissues of the P. stenoptera, thus, the endophytic fungus plays an important role in the parasitism process of mistletoe in P. stenoptera.

Cellulase ; metabolism ; Cellulose ; metabolism ; Fungi ; metabolism ; Juglandaceae ; Symbiosis ; Viscum ; cytology ; microbiology