Objective To dynamically observe the changes of cytokines of splenocytes in mice immunized with recombinant bifidobacteria bifidum (Bb)- Eg95-EgA31 vaccine of Echinococcus grauulosus (Eg). Methods Balb/c mice were vaccinated by 5× 108 colony forming unit(CFU) orally and 5 × 105 CFU intranasally, respectively.Mice were killed on week 0,2,4,6,8,10, 12,14,16, 18 and 20 after immunization, respectively, and spleens were separated for cell culture with the stimulation of EgAg, concanavalin A (ConA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The splenocyte supernatants were collected to determine the levels of interferonγ(IFN-γ), interleukin(IL)-12, tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-o) and IL-l0 using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) with MRS as control. Results In the oral immunization group, the levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α and IL-10 showed a significant increase from week 2 to week 8, week 2 to week 8, week 4 and week 6 to week 10 after vaccination, respectively, and reached the highest level on week 4, week 2, week 4 and week 6 after vaccination, respectively;in EgAg stimulation group, the levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α and IL-10 were (700.0 ± 115.5), (45.0 ± 5.8), (350.0 ± 57.7), (112.5 ± 14.4)ng/L, respectively, compared with week 0[(35.0 ± 5.8), (12.5 ± 2.9), (190.0 ± 11.6), (25.0 ± 5.8)ng/L, P ＜0.05 or ＜ 0.01] and MRS control group[(37.5 ± 5.0),(13.8 ± 2.5), (195.0 ± 5.8), (27.5 ± 2.9)ng/L, P＜ 0.05or ＜ 0.01]. In the intranasal immunization group, the levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α and IL-10 showed an obvious increase from week 2 to week 8, week 2 to week 8, week 2 to week 6 and week 6 to week 16 after vaccination,respectively, and reached the highest level on week 2, week 2, week 4 and week 8 after vaccination, respectively;in EgAg stimulation group, the levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α and IL-10 were (700.0 ± 115.5), (55.0 ± 5.8),(275.0 ± 28.9), (140.0 ± 11.6)ng/L, compared with week 0[(35.0 ± 5.8), (12.5 ± 2.9), (190.0 ± 11.6), (25.0 ±5.8)ng/L, P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01] and MRS control group[(37.5 ± 5.0), (13.8 ± 2.5), (195.0 ± 5.8), (27.5 ± 2.9)ng/L, P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01]. The cytokine levels in the groups with EgAg, ConA or LPS stimulus were significantly higher than those in the corresponding splenocytes suspension groups(P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01) , and the cytokine levels in the groups with ConA or LPS stimulus were obviously higher than those in the corresponding groups with EgAg stimulation(P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01). Conclusion The mixed Th1 and Th2 type response can be induced in mice immunized with the recombinant Bb-Eg95-EgA31 vaccine of Echinococcus granulosus in the early stage of immunization(2 to 6weeks).

Objective To construct and identify recombinant Bifutobacteria (rBb)-Eg95 vaccine of Echinococcus granulosus (Eg). Methods The total RNA was extracted from hydatid cyst protoscoleces shattered by ultrasound, Eg95 antigen encoding gene was obtained by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) from the template of total RNA using the primer designed according to the DNA sequence of Eg95, the gene was cloned into Escherichia coli-Bifutobacteria(E.coli-Bb) shuttle plasmid pGEX-1λT and transformed into E.coli BL2 (DE3) competent cell to construct recombinant plasmid pGEX-Eg95 using BamH Ⅰ and EcoR Ⅰ, the recombinant plasmid was identified by restriction endonuclease digestion, then was electroporated into Bb to construct rBb-Eg95 vaccine, the vaccine was identified by PCR. Results Four hundred and seventy-one bp Eg95 gene was amplified by RT-PCR, the products of restriction endonuclease digestion were the same as expected(471 bp Eg95 gene and 4947 bp pGEX-1λT), 471 bp Eg95 gene fragment was amplified by PCR from the template of pGEX-Eg95 extracted from rBb vaccine. Conclusion rBb-Eg95 vaccine of Eg is successfully constructed, which lays the theoretical foundation for exploitation and utilization of this vaccine.

With the development of the health service in china,the old talent-training program for clinical medicine major was failed in meeting higher demands for talents of clinical medicine. To create the new talent-training program,therefore,has become the main content of teaching reform for medical col-leges and universities. Taking University of South China as an example,the paper analyzed the changing trend of talent-training program for five-year clinical medicine majors from talent-training goal,curriculum system,practical teaching and content of courses,which proposed some thoughts on the optimization of training program for clinical medicine majors.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Gastric Mucosa ; pathology ; Gastritis ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Metaplasia ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVETo investigate the material base and underlying mechanism of the effect of cluster needling of scalp acupuncture on the neuronal plasticity in rats with focal cerebral infarction.

METHODSThe model rats with acute cerebral infarction were made by blocking the middle cerebral artery with monofilament. One hundred and thirty two Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham-operation group (A), model group (B), point-to-point scalp acupuncture group (C) and cluster-needling of scalp acupunture group (D). Puncturing from "Baihui (GV 20)" to "Qubin (GB 7)" was used in group C. Cluster needling of scalp acupuncture was used in group D, in which needles were inserted forward and slantingly into "Baihui (GV 20)" and its left and right sides at 4 mm. In both groups, the treatment was carried out with rapid twirling reinforcing-reducing for 1 min then retaining needle for 30 min, once a day, 6 days in one course, for treating 4 courses. There was no treatment for group A and B. The change of neurological function was evaluated with Bederson score, while the expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) in the ischemic penumbra was examined with immunohistochemistry (streptavidin-peroxidase method).

RESULTSIn comparison,with group B, the score of neurological function in group D decreased on 7th day (P<0.05), while the scors in group C and D also decreased on 14th and 28th days (both P<0.05). As compared with group C, the score of neurological function in group D obviously decreased on 28th days (P<0. 05). Comparing with group B, the expression of MAP-2 on the ischemic cortex was significantly increased in group D and C on 7th, 14th and 28th days (all P<0. 05), however, this expression in group D was higher than that in group C on 14th and 28th days (P<0. 05).

CONCLUSIONCluster needling of scalp acupuncture can improve the neurological function of rats with focal cerebral infarction, and increase the expression of MAP-2 in the ischemic penumbra.

Acupuncture Therapy ; methods ; Animals ; Cerebral Infarction ; ethnology ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Disease Models, Animal ; Male ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Scalp

OBJECTIVETo discuss the indication and outcome of volar Barton fracture treated by nonoperative method.

METHODSTwenty-three cases of volar Barton fracture treated by closed method included 8 male and 15 female with an average age of 52.2 years,ranging 16 to 84 years. Among them, 16 cases showed subluxation of the carpus (15 cases were Mehara type I ,1 case was Mehara type III) by radiographs except the other 7 cases. By the experimentation in 32 cadavers, the injury of dorsal radiocarpal ligament was supposed to be a very important cause of the subluxation of the radiocarpal joint. The criteria of Pattee and Thompson was used to evaluate the outcome of the treatment.

RESULTSTwenty-three patients were followed up for 7 to 70 months, 11 cases gained satisfactory outcome (1 case as excellent, 10 cases as good), 12 cases gained unsatisfactory outcome (5 cases as fair, 7 cases as poor). Five of 7 cases without the subluxation of the carpus by the radiographs gained satisfactory outcome. Six of 16 cases with the subluxation of the carpus gained satisfactory outcome.

CONCLUSION(1) The result of reduction will influence the outcome of the treatment, the step on articular surface shoud be less than 2 mm after reduction. (2) Nonoperative method is recommended if volar Barton fractures are not associated with subluxation of the carpus. (3) Nonoperative method can be tried first if the fractures associated with the subluxation of the carpus, however operation is recommended when the articular step is more than 2 mm.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Casts, Surgical ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fractures, Bone ; therapy ; Hand Bones ; injuries ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Musculoskeletal Manipulations ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To investigate the influence of forceps delivery or emergency cesarean section on the maternal and infant outcome in pregnant women with abnormal second stage of labor.Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 118 parturients with abnormal second stage of labor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology in our hospital from 2013 January to 2015 February.The involved parturients with abnormal second stage of labor received different delivery modes including forceps delivery and emergency cesarean section, and the delivery time and its influence on the maternal and infant outcome were compared.Results The mean delivery time of forceps delivery and emergency cesarean section was (14.8 ± 5.3) and (32.7 ± 12.6) minutes, the difference was significant (P＜0.05).The bleeding probability and the occurrence of severe neonatal asphyxia in the forceps delivery group was obviously lower than that of maternal emergency cesarean section group (P＜0.05).The influence of emergency cesarean section on the newborn severe asphyxia was more serious than forceps delivery (P ＜0.05).There was no statistical difference in the mild asphyxia, facial bruising, scalp hematoma and neonatal pneumonia between the two groups.Conclusion Compared with emergency cesarean section, forceps delivery can protect the safety of mother and child can reduce dystocia risk coefficient for the pregnant women with abnormal second stage of labor.

OBJECTIVETo set up thalassemia population intervention model in order to decrease the birth of thalassemia major, relying on population and family planning service system.

METHODSPregnant women and their husbands were educated about thalassemia, and participated in screening and prenatal diagnosis if the couple were carriers of thalassemia in the areas of Huangpu, Panyu, Zengcheng and Tianhe districts of Guangzhou.

RESULTSThe network of thalassemia intervention mainly dependent on family planning service system was set up in these regions. A total of 10 695 families participated in thalassemia screening and 16 thalassemia major fetuses were diagnosed in the last two years. No one was thalassemia major in the 8360 newborn.

CONCLUSIONThalassemia population intervention model was set up relying on family planning service system and it significantly decreased the birth of thalassemia major.

Family Planning Services ; methods ; Female ; Genetic Counseling ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Mass Screening ; methods ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; methods ; Spouses ; Thalassemia ; diagnosis ; genetics ; prevention & control

In order to elucidate the mechanism underlying the attenuation of streptomycin ototoxicity by tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), the present study investigated the effect of TMP on the outward K(+) current in the outer hair cells of guinea pig cochlea. Sixty guinea pigs were divided into 6 groups randomly. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) was used to observe the change in thresholds and to evaluate ototoxicity induced by streptomycin. Whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to observe the effect of TMP on outward K(+) current in isolated outer hair cells. The results showed that TMP attenuated the threshold shift caused by streptomycin and increased the amplitudes of Ca(2+)-sensitive K(+) current [I(K(Ca))] in the outer hair cells. The present data suggest that TMP displays anti-ototoxicity induced by streptomycin. The augmented amplitudes of I(K(Ca)) of the outer hair cells induced by TMP may be one of the mechanisms underlying its ototoxicity-attenuating effect.
Animals ; Auditory Threshold ; Cochlea ; cytology ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem ; Guinea Pigs ; Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer ; drug effects ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Potassium Channels ; metabolism ; Pyrazines ; Streptomycin ; toxicity

OBJECTIVEIdiopathic collapsing glomerulopathy (ICG) is a clinically and pathologically distinct variant of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, which is characterized by proteinuria (often nephrotic range) and rapid progression to end-stage renal failure. The typical pathological changes are global/segmental glomerular collapse, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of podocytes and severe tubulointerstitial lesions. Most ICG patients who have been reported in previous published papers are adults. ICG in children is rare. The study aimed to analyze and investigate clinical manifestations, renal histopathological findings, treatment and outcomes of ICG in children.

METHODSData of two cases of ICG, a 7-year-old boy and a 12-year-old girl, were analyzed. Both of them were Chinese and Han. Clinical characteristics, results of laboratory tests, renal histopathological findings, treatment, outcomes and prognosis of the two children with ICG were retrospectively analyzed. Results were compared with published data.

RESULTSThese two children presented typical clinical features of nephrotic syndrome. The quantity of 24 hr urine protein was 7.6 g/d (0.47 g/kg x d for boy) and 10.67 g/d (0.35 g/kg x d for girl). Both of them had hypertension (blood pressure ranged from 130/90 to 150/110 mmHg) and hypercholesterolemia (15.4 mmol/L for the boy and 11.3 mmol/L for the girl). The serum albumin was 12 g/L for girl and 23 g/L for boy. The creatinine clearance rate gradually decreased from normal range to 30 ml/min for the girl. The histopathological changes in renal biopsy of them were focal segmental or global glomerular collapse, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of podocytes and severe tubulointerstitial lesions. These two cases were steroid-resistant and were treated with pulse intravenous methylprednisolone and pulse intravenous cyclphosphamade in one case, who rapidly progressed to end-stage renal failure and died half a year later. Another one was treated with cyclosporine. He showed continuous hypertention and heavy proteinuria for eight months.

CONCLUSIONICG in the 2 children was a severe disease which presented steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and rapidly progressive renal failure. The pathological characteristics was global/segmental glomerular collapse, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of podocytes and severe tubulointerstitial lesions. In children with ICG treatment was difficult and the prognosis was poor.

Child ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental ; complications ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Glucosinolates ; Humans ; Kidney ; pathology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; etiology ; Kidney Glomerulus ; pathology ; Male ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; etiology ; Proteinuria ; etiology ; Treatment Outcome