Comparing the patients with type 2 diabetes and the control and using the animal models,the researchers have found some disease related proteins and the marks for disease detection.They have set some new detection methods and give us a special view into type 2 diabetes.We do some primary discussions about recent studies and future development directions in the proteomics study of type 2 diabetes in this article.

BACKGROUND: Enophthalmos deformity is the most common complication caused by orbital blow-out fractures, and others are diplopia and worsening of visual acuity. Since the therapeutic result of orbital blow-out is not satisfactory and many complications exist after operation, it is still a dispute to select implantation materials and therapeutic regimens.OBJECTIVE: To observe the therapeutic effect and assess the improvement of visual function by surgical reconstruction with porous high-density polyethylene (Medpor) for the correction of enophthalmos deformity caused by orbital blow-out fractures.DESIGN: A pre-and postoperative controlled study.SETTING: Beauty Center for Trauma Repair,Plastic Surgery Hospital,Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science .PARTICIPANTS: Totally 56 patients with orbital blow-out fractures who had enophthalmos deformity caused by fists or traffic accidents, treated at Beauty Center for Trauma Repair,Plastic Surgery Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, were selected in this study from December 1996 to March 2004. Final diagnosis were made with case history, X-ray film, two-demensional and three-dimensional CT before operation. 24 cases were accompanied with other areas fractures such as zygoma and nasal bone, 34 cases with diplopia, 35 cases with visual acuity worsening after injured.METHODS: ①Material implantation: Exposure of the orbital floor, inferior and medial walls could be performed through a 2 mm inferior subciliary incision of 3 cm long. To approach the orbital rim via a dissection plane anterior to the orbital septum, sub-periosteal dissection was then performed over the orbital rim, and along the orbital floor to the orbital apex. Mobilized the soft tissue from the bone throughout the entire area of fractures and re-position it to its proper position. Took Medpor (Type 6331) sheets as the implantation materials, trimmed Medpor sheets according to the radian and anatomic form, and 2 mm larger than the defect rim was needed.If other operations were needed during the operation, they could be done.Mannitol and dexamethasone should be used just postoperatively to decrease edema of the orbital contents and reduce inner orbital excessive pressure. ②Functional evaluation standard: Diplopia: completely disappear meant recovered, less diplopia residual meant improvement, no improvement meant inefficacy. Enophthalmos: marked improvement meant the degree of enophthalmos stabilizated at below 2 mm, less improvement meant stabilizated at above 2 mm.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①Improvement of enophthalmos; ②Improvement of diplopia ; ③Improvement of visual acuity.RESULTS: ①All 56 cases of enophthalmos deformities caused by orbital blow-out fractures improved greatly. ② Of all the 34 patients with diplopia, 27 recovered. ③ 9 patients' visual acuity of 35 improved with different degrees. No diplopia or visual acuity worsening occurred. With a follow-up ranging from 2 months to 5 years, the degree of enophthalmos stabilizated at below 2 mm, and no relapse and other complications occurred.CONCLUTION: Medpor has such advantages as better histocompatibility,fewer complications and better visual function improvement, so it is the preferred implantation material for correcting enophthalmos deformity caused by orbital blow-out fractures.

Although quality assessment is gaining increasing attention,there is still no consensus on how to define and grade postoperative complications.The absence of a defimition and a widely accepted ranking system to classify surgical complications has hampered proper interpretation of the surgical outcome.This study aimed to define and search the simple and reproducible classification of complications following hepatectomy based on two therapy-oriented severity grading system:Clavien-Dindo classification of surgical complications and Accordion severity grading of postoperative complications.Two classifications were tested in a cohort of 2008 patients who underwent elective liver surgery at our institution between January 1986 and December 2005.Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to link respective complications with perioperative parameters,length of hospital stay and the quality of life.A total of 1716 (85.46％) patients did not develop any complication,while 292 (14.54％)patients had at least one complication.According to Clavien-Dindo classification of surgical complications system,grade Ⅰ complications occurred in 150 patients (7.47％),grade Ⅱ in 47 patients (2.34％),grade Ⅲa in 59 patients (2.94％),grade Ⅲb in 13 patients (0.65％),grade Ⅳa in 7 patients (0.35％),grade Ⅳb in 1 patient (0.05％),and grade Ⅴ in 15 patients (0.75％).According to Accordion severity grading of postoperative complications system,mild complications occurred in 160 patients (7.97％),moderate complications in 48 patients (2.39％),severe complications (invasive procedure/no general anesthesia) in 48 patients (2.39％),severe complications (invasive procedure under general anesthesia or single organ system failure) in 20 patients (1.00％),severe complications (organ system failure and invasive procedure under general anesthesia or multisystem organ failure) in 1 patient (0.05％),and mortality was 0.75％ (n=15).Complication severity of Clavien-Dindo system and Accordion system were all correlated with the length of hospital stay,the number of hepatic segments resected,the blood transfusion and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (HADS-A).The Clavien-Dindo classification system and Accordion classification system are the simple ways of reporting all complications following the liver surgery.

[Objective]To provide quantitative data of atlantoaxial pedicle for its surgical screw internal fixation by imageology measurement and improve the success rate of the surgical treatment.[Method]The examinations ofCR,DRX,MRI and 64-row CT were performed in each patient preoperatively,and the atlantoaxial pedical screw entry points and screw entry angles were then measured by PACsee system.[Result]The atlas pedicle screw entry points were localized position which its distance to the left of the atlas pedicle midline was(19.93?1.32) mm,and to the right of the atlas pedicle midline was(19.16?1.30)mm.The screw entry angles to the inside of the atlas pedicle were localized position which its distance to the left of the atlas pedicle midline was(23.72?2.09)?,and to the right of the atlas pedicle midline was(23.35?1.91)?.The screw entry angle to the head of the atlas pedicle was(9.00?1.20)?.The axis pedicle screw entry points were localized position which its distance to the left of the axis pedicle midline was(13.14+0.82) mm,and to the right of the axis pedicle midline was(13.85?0.79)mm.The screw entry angles to inside of the axis pedicle were localized position which its distance to the left of the axis pedicle midline was(24.52?1.26)?,and to the right of the axis pedicle midline was(20.42?1.42)?,The screw entry angle to the head of the axis pedicle was(25?3)?.48 patients were taken treatment with atlantoaxial pedicle surgical screw intemal fixation.Among these patients,there were 35 males and 13 females with a mean age 43.60 years old(ranged 22 to 61 years old),22 patients with type II old odontoid fracture,12 patients with odontoid nonunion and 14 patients disruption of the transverse ligament.The x-ray and CT scans of all post-surgery patients could prove the atlas were completely reduced,axis odontoid fracture had good reduction and bony fusion were achieved after 10.6 months.The JOA evaluation standards showed 31 patients were excellent,14 patients were good,2 patients were fair and a patient was poor,excellent and good ratio was 93.57%.[Conclusion]The imageology measurement quantitative data of atlantoaxial pedicle could guide effectively the screw internal fixation surgery.

Some unhealthy life habits, such as long-term smoking, heavy drinking, sexual overstrain and frequent stay-up could induce the Yin deficiency symptoms of zygomatic red and dysphoria. Stems of Dendrobii officinalis flos (DOF) showed the efficacy of nourishing Yin. In this study, the hyperthyroidism Yin deficiency model was set up to study the yin nourishing effect and action mechanism of DOF, in order to provide the pharmacological basis for developing DOF resources and decreasing resource wastes. ICR mice were divided into five groups: the normal control group, the model control group, the positive control group and DOF extract groups (6.4 g · kg(-1)). Except for the normal group, the other groups were administrated with thyroxine for 30 d to set up the hyperthyroidism yin deficiency model. At the same time, the other groups were administrated with the corresponding drugs for 30 d. After administration for 4 weeks, the signs (facial temperature, pain domain, heart rate and autonomic activity) in mice were measured, and the facial and ear micro-circulation blood flow were detected by laser Doppler technology. After the last administration, all mice were fasted for 12 hours, blood were collected from their orbits, and serum were separated to detect AST, ALT, TG and TP by the automatic biochemistry analyzer and test T3, T4 and TSH levels by ELISA. (1) Compared with the normal control group, the model control group showed significant increases in facial and ear micro-circulation blood flow, facial temperature and heart rate (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), serum AST, ALT (P < 0.01), T3 level (P < 0.05), TSH level (P < 0.05) and notable deceases in pain domain (P < 0.01), TG level (P < 0.01). (2) Compared with the model control group, extracts from DOF (6 g · kg(-1)) could notably reduce facial and ear micro-circulation blood flow, facial temperature and heart rate (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) and AST (P < 0.05) and enhance pain domain (P < 0.01) and TG (P < 0.01). Extracts from DOF (4 g · kg(-1)) could remarkably reduce AST and ALT levels (P < 0.01, 0.05). Extracts from DOF (6 g · kg(-1) 4 g · kg(-1)) could significantly reduce T3 and increase serum TSH level (P < 0.05). DOF could improve Yin deficiency symptoms of zygomatic red and dysphoria in mice as well as liver function injury caused by overactive thyroid axis. According to its action mechanism, DOF may show yin nourishing and hepatic protective effects by impacting thyroxin substance metabolism, improving micro-circulation and reducing heart rate.
Animals ; Dendrobium ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Female ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Humans ; Hyperthyroidism ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Phytotherapy ; Thyroxine ; metabolism ; Yin Deficiency ; drug therapy ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study the efficacy and safety of specific sublingual immunotherapy with dermatophagoides farinae drops in the treatment of cough variant asthma in children.

METHODSA total of 106 children aged 4-14 years old with cough variant asthma and positive skin prick test responses to dermatophagoides farinae allergens were randomly divided into two groups: SLIT group (n=53), which received specific sublingual immunotherapy with dermatophagoides farinae drops as well as standardized treatment and conventional treatment group (n=53), which received standardized treatment alone. Improvement in cough/asthma symptom scores and the time taken for symptoms to improve were observed after treatment. Serum eosinophil (EOS) level and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were measured after treatment. The side effects were observed.

RESULTSCompared with the conventional treatment group, the SLIT group showed significant decrease in symptom scores and serum EOS level and significant increase in PEF (P<0.05). The time at which symptoms began to improve in the SLIT group was earlier than in the conventional treatment group (P<0.05). The effective rate in the SLIT group was significantly higher than in the conventional treatment group (85% vs 68%; P<0.05). Local reactions such as redness, swelling, and itching occurred in some children of the SLIT group but disappeared on the following day.

CONCLUSIONSSpecific sublingual immunotherapy with dermatophagoides farinae drops is an effective and highly safe treatment for cough variant asthma in children.

Administration, Sublingual ; Adolescent ; Antigens, Dermatophagoides ; immunology ; Asthma ; therapy ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cough ; therapy ; Desensitization, Immunologic ; adverse effects ; Eosinophils ; physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male

Heart Diseases/genetics* ; Humans ; Nuclear Proteins ; Transcription Factors

OBJECTIVETo culture rat corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells in vitro using a modified tissue culture method.

METHODSFifteen male rats were randomized into 3 equal groups, namely enzyme digestion group, tissue culture group, and modified tissue culture group. The penis of the rats was separated carefully and cut into small pieces, and seeded onto culture flasks and cultured in complete medium consisting of DMEM containing 20% fetal calf serum at 37 degrees C; in a humidified atmosphere with 5% carbon dioxide. The cells growth was observed under phase contrast microscope and the smooth muscle cell specific proteins alpha-SM-actin and desmin were identified immunohistochemically.

RESULTSThe alpha-SM-actin-positive cell rate was 96.3% in rat corpus cavernosum smooth muscle and 23.8% in the fibroblasts, and the corpus cavernosum smooth muscle contained 74.4% desmin-positive cells while the fibroblasts showed no desmin positivity. Significant difference was found in the positive cell rate for desmin among the 3 groups, with the highest positive cell rate occurred in modified tissue culture group.

CONCLUSIONDesmin may serve as a marker for identifying corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells. The modified tissue culture method can result in highly purified corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells with intact structure and functions.

Actins ; analysis ; Animals ; Biomarkers ; analysis ; Cell Proliferation ; Desmin ; analysis ; Male ; Muscle, Smooth ; cytology ; Penis ; cytology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tissue Culture Techniques

OBJECTIVETo investigate the method for culturing corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CCSMs) derived from diabetic rats with erectile dysfunction (ED) for the study of ED caused by diabetes.

METHODSCCSMs were isolated from the corpus cavernosum of diabetic rats with ED and cultured using a modified method of adherent tissue culture. The cultured cells were identified by immunohistochemistry and the cell morphology and proliferation were observed.

RESULTSThe primary culture of CCSM was performed successfully, and the cells were seen to migrate from the small tissue pieces 3 days later, reaching nearly confluence in 16-18 days. A typical "hill-valley" growth pattern was noted in the cell passaging. Immunohistochemical staining for alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SM-actin) and desmin yielded positive results in the cells.

CONCLUSIONThe modified method for adherent tissue culture is convenient and reliable in establishing the in vitro cell culture model of CCSMs from diabetic rats with ED, and the cultured CCSMs display a faster proliferation than normal CCSMs. No obvious differences in the cell morphology can be found between diabetic and normal CCSMs under light microscope.

Animals ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cells, Cultured ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; complications ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Erectile Dysfunction ; etiology ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle ; cytology ; physiology ; Penile Erection ; Penis ; cytology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo explore the possibility of injury to the striated urethral sphincter by incision to the anterior lobe region in transurethral prostatectomy.

METHODSWe incised the anterior lobe region of 60 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) undergoing transurethral prostatectomy. The patients were divided into four groups according to the incision fields: proximate superficial (group 1), proximate deep (group 2), distal superficial (group 3) and distal deep (group 4). The tissues taken from the anterior lobe region were subjected to HE staining, and the smooth and striated muscles were detected by immunohistochemical identification of smooth muscle actin (SMA) and myoglobin (MYO) in the tissues. The prostate volume, age, and PSA level of the patients were analyzed against their positive or negative results. The relative contents of the striated muscle were compared among groups 2, 3 and 4. The independent-sample between-group t-test was used for statistic analysis.

RESULTSThe urethral rhabdosphincter was found in the anterior lobe region, with the smooth muscle intermixed with the striated muscle. The incision injury of the urethral rhabdosphincter was associated with the prostate volume. Increased urethral rhabdosphincter was observed in the anterior lobe region, approaching the apex of the prostate and extending to the urethral lumen.

CONCLUSIONThe anterior lobe region should not be excessively incised in transurethral prostatectomy so as to avoid direct injury of the striated urethral sphincter, which is especially important for prostates of smaller volume or operation near the apex of the prostate.

Aged ; Histological Techniques ; Humans ; Male ; Prostate ; anatomy & histology ; pathology ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; pathology ; surgery ; Transurethral Resection of Prostate ; Urethra ; anatomy & histology ; pathology