BACKGROUND:Lung cancers are highly heterogeneous and resistant to available therapeutic agents, with a five year survival rate of less than 15%. It has been difficult to determine the basis of lung cancer heterogeneity and drug resistance. Cancer stem cellmodel has attracted a significant amount of attention in recent years as a viable explanation for the heterogeneity, drug resistance, dormancy and recurrence and metastasis of various tumors. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the current understanding of lung cancer stem cells, including their histological types and tumor growth areas, and to discusses the prognosis of lung cancer and its relationship with lung cancer stem cells, in an effort to eradicate these cells to combat lung cancer. METHODS:In order to search relevant articles about the lung cancer stem celland its relationship with lung cancer from PubMed and Sciencedirect databases (from 1990 to 2014), a computer-based search was performed, using the key words of“lung cancer, cancer stem cell, lung cancer stem cell, lung cancer occur, tumor heterogeneity, drug resistance, gene mutation, signal pathways”in English. After eliminating literatures which were irrelevant to research purpose or containing a similar content, 48 articles were chosen for further analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The cancer stem cellmodel has gained considerable support recently in context of lung cancers and stem-like cells that are associated with aggressive cancer behavior, metastatic progression, resistance to therapy and relapse. Since lung cancer stem cells are thought to consist of a heterogeneous population depending on the histology and site of tumors, and multiple signaling pathways might have to be targeted to effectively eliminate lung cancer stem cells for therapeutic benefit. It can be imagined that the multidisciplinary efforts currently under way to characterize and target stem-like cells in lung cancer wil reap significant therapeutic benefits in the future.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy ofβ-lactam combined with macrolides antibiotics in treatment of severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. Methods Children with severe CAP on admission between 2012 February and 2012 April were divided into treatment group and control group. With the same symptom specific supportive treat-ment, the patients in the treatment group were treated with both cefmetazole and azithromycin, while the patients in the control group were treated with cefmetazole alone. The total effective rate, number of days of symptoms and signs disappeared and num-ber of days of hospitalization were observed. Results The total effective rate was 87.8%in the trearment group and 61.3%in the control group with significant difference (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the recovery time of temperature, time of pulmonary rale disappearing and cough retraction were reduced (P<0.05). As well as the number of days of hospitalization was decreased (P<0.05). Conclusions The treatment of severe CAP in children with combination of azithromycin and cefmetazole results in better curative effect. A combined medication ofβ-lactam and macrolides antibiotics may be rational and effective.

A teaching method called cross-disciplinary joint teaching,which integrated the neural system-based physiology,anatomy and histology from gross morphology to micmstructure,then to physiological function,was carried out on 2010 clinical eight-year program medical students.Jointteaching method was carried out throughout the whole courses.That means in three subjects related to the discipline,teachers compile the textbook,discuss teaching scheme,compile cases,collectively prepare lessons,and attend lectures and discussion together.Flexible teaching forms such as casebased teaching,problem-based teaching and bilingual teaching were also run through the whole processes of the teaching.Compared with the traditional teaching model,cross-disciplinary joint teaching not only achieves the integration of morphology,microstructure and functions of nervous system,but also has a priority of helping the students to develop a more efficient learning ability such as initiative study and thinking extension.

Developing countries are facing a big challenge of how to promote sexual and reproductive healthe Poverty erasion.reproductive health service promotion,schools and communities intervention,discussion between children and their parents encouragment are helpful to solve the sexual and reproductive problems with the adolescents

OBJECTIVE:To prepare Coenzyme Q10 long-circulating liposomes,establish the determination method of content and entrapment efficiency,and prepare it into lyophilized preparation to improve its stability. METHODS:Coenzyme Q10 long-cir-culating liposomes were prepared by film dispersion method. Particle size and Zeta potential of liposomes were determined,and HPLC assay was used to determine the content of coenzyme Q10. Free drugs and liposomes were separated using protamine aggre-gation method,and the encapsulation efficiency was calculated. Lyophilized preparation was prepared by coenzyme Q10 long-circu-lating liposomes,and the changes of content and encapsulation efficiency of drugs were determined 0,30 and 90 days after lyophi-lization. RESULTS:The liposomes were homogeneous in size with mean diameter of(166.0±5.3)nm and Zeta potential of(-22.2± 1.4)mV. Average content(the percentage of content accounted for labeled amount)and entrapment efficiency of 3 batches of sam-ple were 98.2%(RSD=2.8%) and 93.2%(RSD=4.6%),respectively. Compared with 0 d after lyophilization,coenzyme Q10 long-circulating liposomes had no obvious change in the content and encapsulation efficiency 90 d after lyophilization. CONCLU-SIONS:Coenzyme Q10 long-circulating liposomes with high quality and entrapment efficiency and lyophilized preparation being stored stably for 90 d have been prepared successfully.

BACKGROUND:Pedicle screw is the major instrumentation of surgery in thoracic spine. However, there have been few reports about pedicle morphology relevant to screw insertion tracts, and few reports comparing the normal adolescents and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. OBJECTIVE:To compare the morphologic characteristics of the thoracic pedicle with regard to safe thoracic pedicle screw placement in normal adolescents and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. METHODS: Thoracic pedicles of thirty-five normal adolescents and thirty-five adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients were measured with three-dimensional reconstruction CT images. Measured parameters include (1) critical distance: the shortest distance from an entry point to the ventral cortex of the lamina. (2) Safe distance: the distance from the entry point to the tangent of the spinal canal at the medial wal of the pedicle. (3) Pedicle screw length. (4) Pedicle width. (5) Pedicle transverse angle. The dangerous area was defined as the distance between the critical distance and the safe distance. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The mean critical distance was (9.2±1.0) mm for the normal adolescents, and (9.4±1.2) mm for the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. Safe distances were significantly less in normal adolescents (14.7±0.8) mm than that of the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis group (15.4±1.4) mm (P < 0.001). The dangerous area was (5.4±0.7) mm for the normal adolescents, which was significantly less than that of the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients (6.0±1.0) mm (P < 0.001). Pedicle screw length was (36.6±4.1) mm for the normal adolescents and (37.1±5.3) mm for the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. Pedicle width was (5.8±1.2) mm for the normal adolescents and (5.7±1.7) mm for the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. No significant difference in critical distance, pedicle screw length and pedicle width was found between the two groups (P=0.382, 0.135, 0.293). Pedicle transverse angle decreased gradualy from T1 to T12 in both groups. These results verify that pedicle morphology of many parameters is different between normal adolescents and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients, especialy in the apical area of the thoracic curve.

AIM:To investigate whether oxidative stress is able to induce autophagy in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and to explore the effects of autophagy on MSC proliferation and apoptosis under oxidative stress circumstance as well as the underlying mechanism for promoting the therapeutic effects of transplanted MSCs on treating diabetes mellitus e -rectile dysfunction ( DMED) .METHODS: Hydrogen peroxide ( H2 O2 ) was applied to simulate the oxidative stress cir-cumstance.The effects of H2 O2 at concentration of 0, 50, 100, 200, 400μmol/L on the viability of MSCs were tested by the method of Trypan blue exclusion and MTT assay respectively .The methods of MTT assay , Western blot and transmis-sion electron microscope ( TEM) were used to explore the effects of H 2 O2 on MSC apoptosis and autophagy .RESULTS:The proliferation of MSCs was obviously inhibited by H 2 O2 in a dose-dependent manner ( P<0.01) and the 50%inhibiting concentration (IC50) was (384.58 ±16.89) μmol/L.H2O2 induced apoptosis and autophay of MSCs .The proliferation rate of MSCs was suppressed by H 2 O2 significantly ( P<0.05 ) , with a further decline by blockade of autophagy ( P<0.05) whereas increased by blockade of apoptosis (P<0.05).H2O2 induced MSCs apoptosis obviously (P<0.05), with an augment of apoptosis ( P<0.05) by blockade of autophagy .Furthermore, the H2 O2 increased expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1), Which were decreased by apoptosis blockade whereas were enhanced by blockade of autopahgy .CONCLUSION:Oxidative stress plays a dual role in MSC survival , which in-duces MSC apoptosis and autophagy .Moreover , blockade of autophagy intensifies MSC apoptosis .Therefore , it is a promis-ing method to ameliorate the effects of stem-cell based therapy on DMED by enhancing protective autophagy to increase the survival rate of transplanted MSCs against oxidative stress circumstance caused by diabetes mellitus .

Objective To understand the epidemic status quo and influencing factors of Kashin-Beck disease among children in mountain areas of Jilin Province.Methods Two hundred eighty-two severe endemic areas in 18 counties were selected and stratified by random cluster sampling method,and the status quo of KashinBeck disease prevalence was investigated among 7-12 year-old children according to the Diagnostic Criteria of Kashin-Beck Disease (WS/T 207-2010).In the meantime,the annual household income and the proportion of economic crops replanted,grain out-sourced,and returning farmlands to forests and grass were surveyed in the disease affected areas.Results A total of 14 162 children were investigated who had no clinical symptoms.Among them,28 cases were detected positive using X-ray with a detection rate of 1.98‰,while most of the cases were metaphysis positive.The annual household income (≥5 000 Yuan vs.＜ 5 000 Yuan) in the year 2009-2011 had a significant impact on the incidence of Kashin-Beck disease (1.47‰ vs.3.67‰,x2 =6.179,P ＜ 0.05),while the areas of returning farmland to forests and grass which accounted ＞ 1％ had no significant influence on the incidence compared with that ≤ 1％ (3.30‰ vs.1.57‰,x2 =3.876,P ＞ 0.05);the areas of economic crops replanting which accounted ＞ 10％ had no significant influence on the incidence compared with that ≤ 10％ (3.07‰ vs.1.65‰,x2 =2.565,P ＞ 0.05);the proportion of grain out-sourcing which accounted ＞ 50％ had no significant influence on the incidence compared with that ≤50％ (3.07‰ vs.1.65‰,x2 =2.565,P ＞ 0.05).Conehision Up to 2012,the disease among 7-12 year-old children of the mountain areas of Jilin Province have basically met the standard of Kashin-Beck disease elimination and the situation remains stable;furthermore,the household income has a significant impact on the incidence of Kashin-Beck disease.

BACKGROUND:Studies have shown that lung cancer stem cels can be isolated from the lung cancer cel lines, But there are few reports on in vitro isolation, culture and identification of lung cancer stem cels in patients with lung squamous carcinoma.
OBJECTIVE:To establish the feasible methods of harvesting lung cancer stem cels from fresh lung cancer tissues in patients with lung squamous carcinoma, and to investigate the alterations in cel number and function during primary culture.
METHODS: Side population cels were isolated by colagenase digestion, Ficol density gradient centrifugation and Hoechst 33342 efflux properties. The isolated cels were isolated and cultured in conditioned medium. Flow cytometry method was used to detect lung cancer stem cels based on the cel surface markers CD133 and CD44, and the positive rates of CD133+, CD44+ and CD133+/CD44+ were recorded. The single cel clones assay, flat colony formation assay and the cel sphere formation assay were used to identify the stem-like characteristics of lung cancer stem cels between the first and fourth generations.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The positive rates of CD133+, CD44+ and CD133+/CD44+ cels at the fourth generation were increased significantly, and the positive rates of CD133+ and CD133+/CD44+ cels at passage 4 were significantly higher than those at the first generation. The abilities of single cel clone formation, the flat colony formation and the cel sphere formation in the fourth-generation cels were greatly enhanced compared with the first-generation cels. Experimental findings showed that stem cel-like lung cancer cels were obtained from fresh lung cancer tissue in patients with lung squamous carcinoma, which stably and rapidly amplified in vitro, laying the foundation for the further study of the heterogeneity and drug resistance of lung cancer stem cels.

BACKGROUND:Studies have shown that lung cancer stem cel s can be isolated from lung cancer cel lines. But there are few reports about in vitro isolation, culture and identification of lung cancer stem cel s in patients with lung squamous carcinoma.
OBJECTIVE:To explore the feasible methods of harvesting lung cancer stem cel s from fresh lung cancer tissue in patients with lung squamous carcinoma.
METHODS:Side population cel s were isolated by col agenase digestion, Ficol density gradient centrifugation and Hoechst 33342 solution. The isolated cel s were suspended in conditioned medium for isolated culture. Flow cytometry method was used to detect lung cancer stem cel s based on the cel surface markers CD133 and CD44, and the positive rates of CD133+, CD44+and CD133+/CD44+cel s were recorded.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Cel s adhered at 0.5 hour after incubation;typical cel colony was formed at 4 days of culture;cel s showed paving stone-shape at 7 days in a total number of 10 8. The positive rates of CD133+, CD44+and CD133+/CD44+cel s at passage 4 were increased significantly. These findings indicate that stem cel-like lung cancer cel s were obtained from fresh lung cancer tissue in patients with lung squamous carcinoma, which were stably and rapidly amplified in vitro, laying the foundation for the further study on the heterogeneity and resistance of lung cancer stem cel s in the future.