The percent of N and C composition in spores or sporocarps of different species of two genera of VA mycorrhizal fungi—Gloraus and Sclerocystis were analysed. It was found that culture period effects the percent of N,C and their ratio, although the influences of host and origin of strain of fungi on those appeared to be low. N,C percentage and their ratio in spores or sporocarps were variable among fungal species of a same genus, but difference between two genera was significantly. This technology may serve as a supplementary indicator for classification and identification of VA mycorrhizal fungi.

To analyze the relationship between obesity with related measurable indicators and insulin resistance among the residents over 50-year-old in Wuxi area.The questionnaire survey,physical examination,and relevant biochemical measurements as well as gender,age,height,body w eight,waist circumference,and hip circumference were obtained.The prevalence of obesity was 11.95％ of which 57.24％ were with central obesity,and the prevalence in male was higher than that in female(P＜0.05).With inereasing body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference(WC),the prevalence of insulin resistance increased gradually (P ＜ 0.05).Meanwhile,With the increasing HOMA-IR,the prevalence of obesity and central obesity also gradually increased (P＜0.05).BMI,WC,and waist-to-hip ratio can effectively predict insulin resistance.The cut-off point of waist circumference was 87.5 cm for male,and 84 cm for female.At the same level of body mass index,metabolic measurements in central obesity group were higher than those of non-central obesity group with the same body mass index,especially in normal weight group.The related metabolic measurements of metabolic obesity but normal weight group were mostly higher than metabolically healthy but obese group,and there were statistically significant differences in fasting blood glucose,fasting insulin,HOMA-IR and HOMA-β.Obesity,especially central obesity,is closely related to insulin resistance among residents over 50-year-old in Wuxi area.Meanwhile,waist circumference may effectively predict insulin resistance and may serve as a parameter in the occurrence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases.

Objective To investigate the relationship between activation of gliacytes , mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and neuronal apoptosis after microinjecting aggregated Aβ25-35 into hippocampus.Methods The model was established by using stereotaxic technique to inject 10μg aggregated Aβ25-35 into dorsal hippocampus in rats .The rats were grouped as the control , vehicle and model groups .Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used for detection of activation of microglia(MG), atrocytes (AS) and expression of p-p38MAPK in the hippocampus.ELISA was used to evaluate the level of TNF-αand IL-1β.The survival neurons were observed by Nissl staining and the apoptotic neurons were identified by tunnel staining .Results Expression of ox-42, GFAP, p-p38MAPK were up-regulated in hippocampus, as well as TNF-α、IL-1β, which reached a highest value on the 7th day after injection of Aβ25-35.However, the number of neuron with Nissl positive decreased gradually , and the tunnel positive neurons increased highly and reached a peak value on the 7th day.There were significant differences between the control and vehicle group ( P <0.01). Conclusion Apoptosis of the neuron caused by Aβ25-35 injection may result from activation of gliacytes , p38 MAPK and increase of TNF-αand IL-1βlevel.

Optic nerve gliomas (ONGs) are one type of optic pathway gliomas (OPGs), enjoying low incidence; they accounts for only 1% of intracranial tumors in children. They can either occur sporadically or complicate with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). ONGs have unique clinical features, and the courses of diseases are variable and difficult to predict. Accurate diagnosis and reasonable treatment are controversial. This review focuses on the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of ONGs, in order to provide references for the treatment and follow-up research of ONGs.

The primary fourth ventricle meningiomas (FVMs) are rare fourth intraventricular tumors. Meningiomas account for approximately 13%-20% of all intracranial tumors; 0.5%-3% of meningiomas locate in the ventricle, whereas only 5% of meningiomas locate in the ventricle occur in the fourth ventricle. To date, the report about the FVMs is less than 80 cases all over the world, and most of the literatures about this disease are case reports. The clinical manifestations, imaging features, intraoperative findings and prognoses are lack of comprehensive understanding. In this paper, based on the FVMs case reports and research progress in recent years, we aim to summarize the clinical characteristics and treatment of FVMs to provide a beneficial reference for the diagnoses and treatments of FVMs.

As a kind of neuroectodermal tumor, ependymoma usually occurs in the spine in adults. However, 90% of children's ependymomas are intracranially located, and two thirds of them are located in the posterior fossa. The most commonly used clinical treatment for posterior fossa ependymomas is surgery combined with postoperative adjuvant therapy, but the high recurrence rate and poor prognosis suggest that it is urgent to explore more targeted and efficient treatment methods. In recent years, molecular biology technology has developed rapidly, the molecular biological characteristics of posterior fossa ependymomas are partially elucidated, and the molecular typing has been preliminarily determined and many potential therapeutic targets have been proposed. This review focuses on the role of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation in posterior fossa ependymoma and its potential therapeutic targets to provide references for treatments and follow-up researches of this disease.

The secondary damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI) involves a variety of pathological processes, and the inflammatory response in the nervous system is an important factor which affects nerve repair and regeneration. As the innate immune cell in the nervous system, microglia (MG) plays an important role in the entire neuroinflammatory environment by regulating the activation state of MG and changing the inflammatory response in the direction of promoting nerve repair and regeneration, which has great potential in treatment of TBI. This article reviews the inflammatory response of the nervous system after TBI and the reactivity of MG, as well as their significance in nerve repair and regeneration.

Objective To evaluate the accuracy in placement of cervical anterior transpedicular screws (ATPS) under the guidance of our modified drilling template.Methods Eight wet cadaveric specimens of adult cervical spine,4 male and 4 female ones,were used for this experiment.Data of CT thin layer scanning of the cervical specimens in DICOM format were imported into software Mimics 17.0.After 3D models of the cervical vertebrae were reconstructed,the optimal trajectory was designed for ATPS placement in the transparent mode of the 3D models.Normal and our modified drilling templates for ATPS placement were designed and manufactured by 3D printing.The 2 kinds of drilling templates were used to assist ATPS placement onto one cervical vertebra,with laterality randomized.Altogether 64 pieces of ATPS were placed,with 32 ones for each drilling template.Postoperative CT scanning was conducted to evaluate the accuracy in ATPS placement.The 2 kinds of ATPS template were compared in terms of the deviations between actual and ideal trajectories in direction (caudal-angle and extroversive-angle) and position (X and Y axes) of the entry point.Results Our modified drilling template led to one screw penetrating the pedicle cortical bone while the normal drilling template led to 4 screws penetrating the pedicle cortical bone,yielding an accuracy rate of 96.9％ and of 87.5％ respectively.The extroversive-angle deviation (0.72°±0.69°),caudal-angle deviation (0.91°±0.70°),X axis shift (0.53 ±0.40 mm) and Y axis shift (0.54 ±0.42 mm) related to the modified template were all significantly smaller than those related to the normal template (1.16° ± 0.70°,1.49°±0.68°,0.88±0.40mm,1.22±0.42mm,respectively) (P ＜0.05).Conclusion Compared with a normal ATPS template,our modified drilling template for ATPS may be advantageous in better fitness,greater stability,increased accuracy in screw placement,and protection of adjacent discs.

Objective:To study the expression characteristics of myocardial strain index after the abnormal origin of the left coronary artery of the pulmonary artery in children was repaired.Methods:The data of 30 children (study group) with abnormal origin of pulmonary artery left coronary artery repair from August 2017 to August 2021 were analyzed. In addition, healthy children during the same period were selected as the control group, and the study group was compared before and after treatment and the control group. Circumferential and radial peak myocardial strain index, post-contraction strain index.Results:The longitudinal, circumferential, and radial overall peak strain indexes of the study group before and after treatment were significantly lower than those of the control group, and the longitudinal, circumferential, and radial overall peak strain indexes of the study group after treatment were significantly higher than those before treatment ( P<0.05); The longitudinal, circumferential, and radial peak strain indexes of the study group before treatment were significantly lower than those of the control group. After treatment in the study group, the middle section of the longitudinal inferior wall, the middle section of the anterior wall, the basal section of the anterior wall, the apex, and the circumferential direction were significantly lower The peak strain index of the basal segment of the inferior wall and the middle segment of the inferior wall was significantly lower than that of the control group; and the longitudinal, circumferential, and radial peak strain indexes of the study group after treatment were significantly higher than those before treatment ( P<0.05); the study group children before treatment Longitudinal, circumferential, and radial PSI indexes were significantly lower than those of the control group. After treatment, the study group was treated in the longitudinal inferior wall, septal apical segment, circumferential inferior wall basal segment, inferior wall middle segment, and radial PSI anterior wall basal segment, apex. The part was significantly higher than that of the control group; and the longitudinal, circumferential, and radial PSI of the study group after treatment were significantly lower than before treatment ( P<0.05). Conclusion:After ALCAPA repair, the overall and regional strain and overall synchronization are improved, indicating that the resting myocardium has recovered, but the strain of certain segments supplied by the abnormal left coronary artery fails to normalize after ALCAPA repair. Persistent myocardial injury is consistent, which can provide some guidance for the prognosis assessment of children with ALCAPA.

Objective To evaluate the short?term and long?term efficacy of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in the treatment of early low rectal cancer and precancerous lesions. Methods Inclusion criteria: (1) Distance from the lower margin of tumor to the anal was ≤5 cm. (2) Early low rectal cancers were any size rectal epithelial tumors with infiltration depth limited to the mucosa and submucosa, which were diagnosed by postoperative pathology as high?grade intraepithelial neoplasia or adenocarcinoma of the rectum with infiltration depth of intramucosal or submucosal cancer (M or SM stage). (3) Precancerous lesions included adenoma and low?grade intraepithelial neoplasia of the rectum. (4) Patients received ESD treatment. Patients with tumor invasion depth over submucosa by pathology were excluded. From January 2008 to January 2018, 63 patients meeting the above criteria in Peking University First Hospital were enrolled in this descriptive cohort study. The disease characteristics, clinical manifestations, pathological types, treatment time, hospitalization time, en bloc resection rate (resection of the whole lesion), complete resection rate (both the horizontal and vertical incision margins were negative), postoperative complications and follow?up results were analyzed. Cummulative survival rate was calculated by Kaplan?Meier. Results The diameter of the lesion was (29.0 ± 23.4) mm and the distance from the lesion to the anus was (2.7±1.8) cm. The median operation time was 45.0 (range, 10.0 to 360.0) minutes, the median hospitalization time was 3.0 (range, 2.0 to 12.0) days, en bloc resection rate was 100%, complete resection rate was 96.8% (61/63), and 1 case (1.6%) had postoperative bleeding. The follow?up rate was 87.3% (55/63) and the median follow?up time was 57.9 (range, 15.6 to 121.1) months. No local recurrence was found during the follow?up period and the 5?year survival rate was 100%. Conclusion Short?and long?term efficacy of ESD are quite good in the treatment of patients with early low rectal cancer and precancerous lesions.