Objective To describe the salt consumption of residents in China, and provide basic information to develope intervention strategies. Method The data of 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey was used for this analysis. Results The amount of salt consumption of Chinese population was 10.7g per day. The daily salt intake was 11.1g for rural residents, which higher than that (9.7g) of their urban counterparts. 81.6% of the subjects consumed salt more than 6g per day, thereinto, 83.8% of the rural residents consumed more than 6g per day, while so did 76.8% of urban residents. The main resource of salt was from table salt (82.8%), and then followed by soybean sauce (10.0%). Conclusion The salt consumption of Chinese residents is higher than the recommendation by Chinese Nutrition Society. It is very important to strengthen the health education about diet so as to prevent and control hypertension and other chronic disease.

Objective The purpose of the study was to explore influence of family factors on dietary behavior of primary and secondary studen t s in Guangzhou city, in order to provide suggestions for intervention of dietary behavi or. Methods The study population included 1 539 student-parent s pairs selected from Guangzhou city by using the method of stratified multistage cluster random sampling, and data were collected through questionnaires. Results The ratio of parents who often reminded and forced the ir children to eat some fo od they thought of as nutrition were 56.0% and 7.7%, and 39.7%, 29.2% of ch ildren complied with their parents, respectively. At dinner, 14.8% and 27.5% of parents often and sometimes criticized their children, and the ratio of childre n couldn't eat anything and only eat a little food were 5.9%,19.3%, respectively . Forty-two point three of primary and secondary school students watched televi sion wh en they had a dinner, which made 39.4% of students not eat seriously. C onclusions Dietary behavior of primary and secondary school students is influenced strongly by their parents and family environment, it is necessary for parents and themselves to grasp enough nutritional knowledge.

Childhood is the key stage for the development of physical and mental health in the life cycle.The nutritional and health status of childhood are not only related to adulthood health,but also have effects on the long-term development of the country.Along with the rapid transitions in dietary patterns and lifestyle,the prevalence of childhood obesity in China showed an astonishing growing trend in the past few decades.Obesity is a kind of disease,moreover,it is the risk factor for a variety of chronic diseases.Obesity is a serious threat to people's health and brings huge social and economic burden.It is necessary to take effective measures to prevent and control childhood obesity.International organizations and many countries have formulated policies and launched projects to prevent and control obesity.In China,series of outline,guidance,blueprint,plans and projects has been developed and released,such as the Outline of the Programme for Food and Nutrition Development in China (2014-2020),Blueprint of Healthy China 2030,National Nutrition Plan (2017-2030),Healthy Lifestyle Campaign for All,and so on.Improving the obesogenic environment needs world cooperation:international economic agreements and policies should be formulated to prevent and control obesity;obesity prevention and control should be integrated into all policies to improve the obesogenic environment;mechanism with the lead of government,the cooperation of multisector and the engagement of public should be established;national childhood obesity surveillance system should be improved;actions to prevention and control of obesity should be initiated in early stage of life and impetrated in all life cycle;and three-tiered prevention for childhood obesity should be implemented.

Along with the transitions of social and economic development, dietary patterns, physical activity and life-styles, the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has increased at an astonishing rate in the past decades, and has become one of the most serious public health challenges. Meanwhile, the stunting rate has declined with slow pace, while millions of young people are still threatened by wasting all over the word. The present situation of double burden of malnutrition should be recognized clearly and addressed seriously, which refers to, the common presence of both obesity and underweight in the same populations, communities and even families. In order to provide guidance on the appropriate assessment and management of infants and children presenting to primary health-care facilities, and to reduce the risk of overweight and obesity among children, the guideline Assessing and Managing Children at Primary Health-care Facilities to Prevent Overweight and Obesity in the Context of the Double Burden of Malnutrition was developed and released by WHO in 2017 using the procedures outlined in the WHO handbook for guideline development. The WHO Guideline (2017) is intended primarily for use in low- and medium-resource settings where both under-nutrition and obesity are prevalent. In this guideline, there are three prioritized specific areas and questions for infants and children presenting to primary health-care facilities: anthropometric assessment, care of infants and children with acute or chronic malnutrition, and care of children who are overweight or obese. It is recommended that for infants and children aged < 5 years presenting primary health-care facilities, weight and length/height should be measured and evaluated adequately, general nutrition and physical activity counselling should be provided for the caregivers and families, identification and appropriate management plan should be developed at primary health-care level. The discrepancies of the recommendation on the three prioritized areas in different guidelines are compared in this paper. All the related guidelines emphasize the importance of anthropometric measurement and monitor of growth for primary care workers and suggestions of dietary and physical activity's counselling for obese people. Almost all the guidelines provide recommendations on breastfeeding and continued feeding counselling from the aspect of improving the status of acute or chronic malnutrition. The setting conditions should be carefully considered when taking the guidelines of different organizations and countries into practice.

Humans ; Hypertension ; prevention & control ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary

Abstract Dietary behavior is developed and formed during childhood, and is closely related to individual, family, school, community, society, culture, policy and other factors. Unhealthy dietary behaviors will lead to overweight, obesity, malnutrition, and affect children’s health.Without effective intervention, unhealthy dietary behaviors often extend into adulthood, affecting adults’ health as well. Therefore, the development of healthy dietary behavior must be started early. In order to promote healthy dietary behavior, many interventions have been carried out in different countries with remarkable results.We should draw lessons from the existing experience, adopt comprehensive intervention measures to promote children to form healthy dietary behavior.

Abstract Water has many physiological functions and is one of the essential substances for human survival and development. It is very important to take enough water and keep adequate hydration state. When children and adolescent are in physical activity, due to the different intensity of physical activity, energy consumption and environmental temperature and humidity, the water demand is also different. The risk of insufficient water intake and dehydration is higher among people in physical activity. However, the importance of water has not been paid enough attention, and the literacy on hydration state and health among children and adolescent needs to be improved. Children and adolescents generally had insufficient water intake and were dehydrated. Existing research showed that dehydration could reduce the cognitive ability of children and adolescents, and the cognitive ability could be improved after health education or water intake intervention. Scientific water supplement or electrolyte supplement and energy drink could help to improve the ability of physical activity. It is necessary to carry out more investigation on behavior of water intake and more researches on hydration state and health impacts among children and adolescent. It is also necessary to carry out water intake related health education children’s and adolescents’, so as to improve their the literacy on hydration state and health, and to promote sufficient water intake and reasonably choose on water type, to maintain appropriate hydration state, and then to promote their health.

Objective To investigate the effect of bisdemethoxycurcumin on the proliferation and apoptosis of melanoma B16-F10 cells. Methods The B16-F10 cells were incubated with bisdemethoxycurcumin for 24 h, and MTT assay was used to detect the proliferation of B16-F10 cell. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell cycle and cell apoptosis. A C57BL/6 mouse melanoma model was established to investigate the effect of bisdemethoxycurcumin on the proliferation of melanoma. Expression of BCL-1 in B16-F10 cells and tissues was detected by western blotting assay. Results bisdemethoxycurcumin could significantly inhibit B16-F10 cell proliferation, induce B16-F10 cell apoptosis and block the cell cycle at S phase. The intravenous dosing of bisdemethoxycurcumin could inhibit the growth of melanoma. Bisdemethoxycurcumin could inhibit the expression of BCL-1. Conclusion Bisdemethoxycurcumin can inhibit the proliferation of B16-F10 cell, resulting from its role in promoting cell apoptosis.

Objective: To analyze the drinking practice of people in China. Method: The data of 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey was used for this study. 159 117 subjects aged 15 years and over were involved. The information on drinking practice was collected using interview-administrated questionnaire. Results: The overall current drinking rate of people in China was 21.0%, 39.6% for male and 4.5% for female, respectively. The current drinking rates in urban and rural areas were 20.9% and 21.0%, respectively. The 45 to 59 years age group reached the highest. The rate of onset age of drinking younger than 18 years old was 8.8% in current drinkers. 39.9% male and 29.5% female current drinkers drank at least once a day. Distilled spirits was the first choice for 50.3% current drinkers. 58.2% male drinkers and 77.3% female drinkers consumed 100-150g and 50-100g distilled spirits, respectively. Conclusion: Alcohol drinking has become a public health problem in China, it is necessary to carry out further surveys to reveal the influencing factors.

Objective: To design the “one-year physical activity questionnaire” used in 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey. Methods: The intensity of each activity in the questionnaire was assessed from literature review and experts consultation. The energy intake was calculated from food frequency questionnaire for validation of the physical activity questionnaire. Results: The average daily energy expenditure per capita estimated from the questionnaire was 11.6MJ (male 11.9MJ, female 11.2MJ). The average physical activity level (PAL) was 1.95 (male 1.88, female 2.02). There was significant correlation between energy expenditure and energy intake (r = 0.13, P