BACKGROUND:Osteoporosis is a bone metabolic disease that affects women more than men. Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis is becoming a serious medical problem because of the aging of the population. OBJECTIVE:To explore the effects of lithium chloride treatment on bone microarchitecture and bone marrow stromal cel differentiation of ovariectomized osteoporosis rats. METHODS:After ovariectomy, 28 of 30 healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats, 3 months old, were randomly divided into the folowing three groups: ovariectomizedin vivo group (9 rats), ovariectomizedin vitro group (10 rats), and lithium chloride group (9 rats). At the 11th week postoperatively, rats in the lithium chloride were intragastricaly injected with lithium chloride at a dose of 15 mg/kg, three times per week. After 8 weeks of treatment, the bone microarchitectures of the rat left femur in the ovariectomizedin vivo group and lithium chloride group were detected by micro-CT. The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels were freshly isolated from the bone marrow of the bilateral femurs and tibia of rats in the ovariectomizedin vitro group. After 24 hours of inoculation, the cels were cultured in lithium chloride and divided into 0 mmol/L (control), 1 mmol/L and 5 mmol/L groups. At 6 and 8 days of culture, the medium was changed and lithium chloride with the corresponding concentrations was added. At 10 days of culture, western blot assay was adopted to detect protein expression of Runx-2, SP7 and PPARγ2. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) Compared with the ovariectomizedin vivo group, the volume density of trabecular bone, number of trabecular bone, and bone volume fraction in the lithium chloride group were significantly increased and the separation of trabecular bone was significantly decreased. However, no differences were seen in the thickness of trabecular bone and structure model index. (2) Lithium chloride at 1 and 5 mmol/L could increase the protein expression of Sp7 and Runx-2 in bone marrow stromal cels, but decrease the protein expression ofPPARγ2. These results indicate that lithium chloride may improve the microarchitecture of the trabeculr bone in ovariectomized osteoporosis rats through stimulating the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cels.

Objective To compare the effects of different doses of dexmedetomidine on the median effective concentration (EC50) of ropivacaine for epidural block and investigate the appropriate dose.Methods One hundred and twenty ASA Ⅰ patients of both sexes,aged 20-55 yr,weighing 50-75 kg,scheduled for knee arthroscopic operation,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =30 each):no dexmedetomidine group (group D0),0.25 μg/kg dexmedetomidine group (group D0.25),0.50μg/kg dexmedetomidine group (group D0.50),and 1.00μg/kg dexmedetomidine group (group D1.00).In group D0,ropivacaine 20 ml was injected into epidural space.The ropivacaine-dexmedetomidine mixtures containing 0.25,0.50 and 1.00 μg/kg dexmedetomidine were injected into epidural space in groups D0.25,D1.00 and D0.50 respectively.The volume of mixtures was 20 nl in groups D0.25,D1.00 and D0.50.The initial concentration of ropivacaine was set at 0.40 ％,0.40 ％,0.28 ％ and 0.20 ％ in groups D0,D0.25,D0.50 and D1.00 respectively and then the EC50 was determined by up-and-down technique.The concentration of ropivacaine was increased/decreased by 0.02％ in the next patient.The analgesic effect was assessed using VAS score.VAS score =0 was considered as effective analgesia.The EC50 and 95％ confidence interval (CI) of ropivacaine were calculated using probit method.Adverse effects were recorded.Results The EC50 and 95 ％ CI of ropivacaine was 0.38％ (0.35-0.41)％,0.34％ (0.31-0.36)％,0.22％ (0.20-0.24)％ and 0.14％ (0.12-0.15) ％ in groups D0,D0.25,D0.50 and D1.00 respectively.The EC50 of ropivacaine was decreased gradually in groups D0,D0.25,D0.50 and D1.00 ( P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group D0,the incidonce of hypotension and bradycardia was significantly increased in group D1.00 ( P ＜ 0.05),while no significant change was found in the incidence of adverse effects in groups D0.25 and D0.50 (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The appropriate dose of dexmedetomidine for epidural analgesia is 0.50 μg/kg.

Objective To investigate the correlationship between depressed behaviors and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in brain tissue in mice which are insensitive to fluoxetine,and to mimic the treatment resistant depression (TRD) in clinical condition.Methods 50 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into Control group (Control),Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) group and CUMS+fluoxetine group.Mice in Control group were raised ad libitum for 9 weeks,those in CUMS group received CUMS for 9 weeks and those in CUMS+fluoxetine group received 8 weeks' CUMS followed 1 week' s treatment with Fluoxetine(10 mg · kg-1 · d-1).At the end of the 9th week,mice in(CUMS + treatment)group were selected into antidepressant treatment-resistant mice(ATRM) as no remission and Depression Group (DM) as symptoms improved.Body mass test (BMT),open field test (OFT) and forces swim test (FST) were completed respectively in these 4 groups at the endpoint of the experiment,and the brain tissue were extracted after the tests for IL-1β Elisa test.Results (1) BMT:there was no effect of weightgain in ATRM after 1 week' s therapy with Fluoxetine.There was no difference in body-weight between ATRM ((18.56±7.56) g) and CUMS ((19.03± 8.58) g) mice,while compared with Control ((24.56±5.45) g) and DM mice ((20.12±9.17) g) ATRM and CUMS mile's body weight were significantly lower (P＜0.05).(2)OFT and FST:in OFT,there was no significant difference in of horizontal moving distance(F=0.355) either in the frequencies of entering the central zone (F=0.327) among the 4 groups;in OFT,the immobility time of ATRM ((241.50 ± ± 36.55) s) was significantly longer than that in DM ((156.00± 25.47) s) (F=13.573,P＜0.05).(3) Elisa test of IL-1β:the brain' s IL-1β serum level in ATRM ((164.90±46.70) pg/mg) was higher than those in Control ((69.68±6.56) pg/mg)),and DM ((93.09±4.65) pg/mg) (P＜0.01),while no difference with that in CUMS mice.Additionally,the depressive behaviors in ATRM showed its positive correlation with the IL-1β level in CNS (r=0.669,P=0.006).Conclusion CUMS can elicit the refractory depressive symptoms in BALB/c mice to simulate TRD' s characteristic,and the elevated level of IL-1 β within brain tissue may play an important role in the development of TRD.

Objective To investigate the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the depressive like behaviors and expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF),IL-1β and NF-κB of hippocampal in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats.Methods Thirty-two adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups (n =8):Control group,Control + rTMS group,CUMS group and CUMS + rTMS group.The sucrose preference test,forced swim test and open field test were used to evaluate depressive like behaviors for each groups.In addition,the expression of BDNF,NF-κB and IL-1 β in hippocampal were detected by western blot and ELISA after behavioral test,respectively.Results 1.The effects of rTMS on depressive like behaviors of CUMS rats:in the sucrose preference test,the sucrose preference rate of CUMS rats (0.67 ± 0.06) was significantly lower than Control group (0.91 ± 0.04),which was higher in the CUMS + rTMS group (0.83 ±0.08).In the forced swim test,the immobility time of CUMS group ((26.88 ± 11.33) s) was longer than Control group ((15.22 ± 6.75) s) and CUMS + rTMS group ((18.41 ± 6.95) s).In the open field test,both the total distance travelled and number of central area entry times of CUMS group((849.165 ± 769.01) cm,(7.42 ± 5.68))were significantly shorter ((6224.81 ± 1403.2) cm) and smaller (22.86 ± 3.72) than Control group,and those of the CUMS + rTMS were longer ((4105.57 ± 1516.92)cm) and larger (21.25 ± 3.45).All the behavioral results were statistically significant (P＜ 0.05).And of all the aforementioned behavioral parameters,there were no significant differences between Control group and Control + rTMS group(P＞0.05).2.The effects of rTMS on the hippocampal expressions of BDNF,NF-κB and IL-1β in CUMS rats:compared with Control group,the hippocampal expression of BDNF in CUMS rats was significantly decreased,while the expressions of NF-κB and IL-1β in the hippocampus were significantly increased (P＜ 0.05).Compared with CUMS group,the hippocampa expression of BD-NF in the CUMS + rTMS group was increased,and the expressions of NF-κB and IL-1β in the hippocampus was significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.05).The expressions of BDNF,NF-κB and IL-1β had no differences between Control group and Control + rTMS group.Conclusion rTMS increased the expression of BDNF,reduced the production of NF-κB and IL-1β,and alleviated depressive like behaviors in CUMS rats.

Objective To investigate the effect of rosmarinic acid on the behavioral changes in enhanced single prolonged stress (ESPS) model rats and the levels of interlukin-1β (IL-1β) and interlukin-6 (IL-6) in the hippocampus.Methods 48 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups (n =8):Control group,Control + RA (L) group,Control + RA (H) group,ESPS group,ESPS + RA (L) group and ESPS + RA (H) group.Behavioral changes of these rats were analyzed by open field test and elevated plus-maze.The levels of IL-1 β and IL-6 were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results (1) Open field test showed that the number of central region entering and the fraction of time exploring in center of ESPS group were significantly reduced than that of Control group ((18.13 ± 10.15) times,(26.68 ± 10.06) ％) and ESPS + RA (H) group ((16.88 ± 8.81) times,(25.08 ± 8.52) ％) (P ＜ 0.05).And it showed no significant difference among Control + RA(L) group,Control + RA(H) group and Control group.Meanwhile,there was also no statistic difference between ESPS group and ESPS + RA(L) group.(2) Elevated plus-maze test showed that percentages of open arm entries and fraction of time exploring in open arm in reference to total number of entries into all arms and total time spent on all arms in ESPS group were significantly reduced than that of Control group((37.38 ± 8.24)％,(17.63 ±4.74)％) and ESPS + RA(H) group((33.72 ±9.49)％,(16.99 ±4.28)％) (P ＜ 0.05),but there was no significant difference between that of ESPS group and ESPS + RA(L) group(P＞0.05).It also showed no significant difference among Control + RA (L) group,Control + RA (H) group and Control group.(3) Compared with ESPS group,RA(10mg/kg) reduced the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in the hippocampus,but RA(5mg/kg) did not have this effect.(4) Correlation analysis results showed the level of IL-1β in the hippocampus was negatively related with the ameliorated PTSD-like behaviors of ESPS exposure rats.Conclusion RA can ameliorate PTSDlike behaviors of ESPS exposure rats,and this effect may be carried out by down-regulating the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in the hippocampus,especially the IL-1β.

Objective To evaluate the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in ketamine-induced apoptosis in rat neurons.Methods Rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12 cells) was seeded in the culture dishes 100 mm in diameter (10 ml/dish) or in 6-well plates (2 ml/well) at a density of 5 × 105 cells/ml.PC12 cells were divided into 4 groups (n =6 each) using a random number table:control group (group C);ketamine group (group K);endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor salubrinal group (group S);ketamine + salubrinal group (group K+S).In group C,the cells were cultured in the plain culture medium.In group K,1.5 mmol/L ketamine was added.In group S,30 mmol/L salubrinal was added.In group K + S,1.5 mmol/L ketamine and 30 mmol/L salubrinal were added.At 24 h of incubation,the cell morphology was observed under light microscope,the expression of Bip and caspase-12 in PC12 cells was detected by Western blot,and the cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry.The apoptosis rate was calculated.Results Compared with group C,the expression of Bip and caspase-12 was significantly upregulated,and the apoptosis rate was increased in K and K + S groups (P ＜ 0.05),and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group S (P＞ 0.05).Compared with group K,the expression of Bip and caspase-12 was significantly down-regulated,and the apoptosis rate was decreased in group K+S (P＜0.05).The degree of damage to PC12 cells was more serious in group K than in group C..The degree of damage to PC12 cells in group K+S was significantly mnilder than that in group K and more serious than that in group C.Conclusion The mechanism by which ketamine induces neuronal apoptosis is related to the enhancement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in rats.

Objective To investigate the effects of gastrodin on neural function and the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP) and neurofilament high molecular weight (NFH) in the striatum during cerebral ischemiareperfusion in mice.Methods 36 Kunming mice were randomly divided into sham group,MCAO group and gastrodin (GAS) group.The middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) was established by artery embolization.The mice in sham group were received fake surgery and saline,and the mice in MCAO and GAS group were exposed to MCAO,and received saline and GAS (100 mg/(kg · d)) injection,respectively,immediately after the operation for 7 days.On the 8th day of operation,the neurological severity scores of the mice were observed and the volume ratio of the cerebral infarction was estimated by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the MBP and NF-H in the striatum.Results (1) The mice in MCAO group showed significant neurologic deficient in comparison with sham group,and the neurological severity scores of gastrodin group(3.13±0.64) were significantly higher than that(1.38±0.52) of MCAO group (P＜0.05).(2) Results of TTC staining showed that the infarction volume was obviously larger in the injured cerebral tissue in MCAO group in comparison with sham group,and the volume ratio of the cerebral infarction significantly decreased after the intervention with GAS (P＜0.05).(3) The integral optical density of MBP(272968.14±1215.23) and NF-H(12 142.73±47.16) in MCAO group decreased as compared to that((43 855.23±2434.16),(275 321.00±926.15)) in sham group and GAS group((321 531.2±2376.14),(106 135.73±598.15)) (P＜0.05).Conclusion GAS can improve neural function of mice after middle cerebral artery occlusion,and it may play an important role in protecting myelin and nerve fibers of striatum.

To summarize the nursing experience of 5 patients with severe ARDS complicated with hypercapnia who underwent extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal(ECCO2R).Key points of nursing care included:establishing a rapid emergency response nursing team for ECCO2R;PETCO2 real-time monitoring to grasp the timing of the machine;ensuring continuity of treatment and improving the removal efficiency;respiratory-related monitoring;prevention of complications of blood coagulation and hypothermia;and weaning from extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal.After careful treatment and care,all the 5 patients were successfully removed from ECCO2R treatment.

Objective:To evaluate the predictive value of anthropometric indicators in predicting cardiovascular risk in the population with metabolic syndrome(MS).Methods:A cross-sectional study was used to analyze the correlation between anthropometric measures and cardiovascular risk in subjects with MS. Cardiometabolic risk was assessed with cardiometabolic risk index(CMRI). Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the predictive power of anthropometric measures for cardiometabolic risk.Results:(1) The anthropometric measures [body mass index(BMI), waist-hip ratio(WHR), waist-to-height ratio(WtHR), body fat percentage(BFP), visceral fat index(VFI), conicity index(CI), a body shape index(ABSI), body roundness index(BRI), abdominal volume index(AVI)] in the MS group were significantly higher than those in the non-MS group( P<0.05). Moreover, there were significant differences in CMRI score and vascular risk between the two groups( P<0.05). (2) Logistic regression analysis showed that the cardiovascular risk was increased with the increases of BMI, VFI, WHR, WtHR, CI, BRI, and AVI after adjusting for confounding factors in the overall population, the non-MS population, and the MS population( P<0.05). (3) In the ROC analysis, the AUC values of BMI, VFI, and AVI were 0.767, 0.734, and 0.770 in the overall population; 0.844, 0.816, and 0.795 in the non-MS population; 0.701, 0.666, and 0.702 in the MS population, respectively. For the overall population and non-MS population, the optimal cut points of BMI to diagnose high cardiovascular risk were 26.04 kg/m 2 and 24.36 kg/m 2; the optimal cut points of VFI were 10.25 and 9.75; the optimal cut points of AVI were 17.3 cm 2 and 15.53 cm 2, respectively. In the MS population, the optimal cut point as a predictor of high cardiovascular risk in young and middle-aged men with MS was 27.63 kg/m 2, and the optimal cut point of AVI in women was 18.08 cm 2. Conclusion:BMI, VFI, and AVI can be used as predictors of cardiovascular risk in the general population. BMI can be used as a predicator of high cardiovascular risk in young and middle-age men with MS. AVI can be used as a predicator of high cardiovascular risk in women with MS.