OBJECTIVE:To discuss the disposal of essential oil in the preparation process of solid preparations containing Ligusticum chuanxiong and Angelica dahurica.METHODS:Based on pertinent literature in recent years,the disposal of essential oil in the preparation process of solid preparations containing Ligusticum chuanxiong and Angelica dahurica was discussed from aspects of chemical components,pharmacology and extraction process etc.RESULTS & CONCLUSION:It is necessary to combine research on preparation process with the pharmacological effect and pharmacodynamic action,and to formulate effective measures to control quality of the essential oil during the whole preparation process to facilitate a solution for the disposal of essential oil.

Objective To investigate the status of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) production by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pheumoniae, analyze the characteristics of drug resistance of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pheumoniae in our hospital from Jan 1998 to Dec 2006, in order to provide a guidance to clinical rational use of antibiotics.Methods Disc diffusion test (K-B method) was used to study the drug resistance of E. coli and K.pheumoniae isolates, and ESBLs-producing strains were identified with screening test and confirmatory test. WHONET5.4 software was apllied to performing data analysis.Results In 947 strains of E. coli, 311 strains (32.8%) were detected to produce ESBLs;in 293 strains of K.pheumoniae, 69 ESBLs-producing strains (23.5%) were detected. The resistance rate of ESBLs-producing strains was significantly higher than that of ESBLs non-producing ones (P<0.05), and but ESBLs-producing strains displayed multi-resistant.Conclusion The positive rate of ESBLs producing strains is higher in our hospital. Drug resistance monitoring should be strenghed to rationally use antibacterials and to prevent increase, prevalence and outbreak of ESBLs producing strains.

AIM　To analyse the essential oil components of Thymus quinquecostatus Celak. METHODS　Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were used. RESULTS　A total of 78 components were separated. 34 of them were identified, which accounted for 95.93% of the total peak area. The main constituents are o-cymene, carvacrol, caryophyllene, 2-isopropyl-1-methoxy-4-methylbenzene and γ-terpene. CONCLUSION　Thymus quinquecostatus Celak has perfume and medical development value.

Objective To explore the clinical effect of ulinastatin on capillary injury improvement of renal syndrome hemorrhagic fever and renal leakage. Methods Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the random number table. The experimental group(25 cases)was given with ulinastatin and the control group(25 cases) was given 5% sugar solution as a blank control. All patients were treated with nutritional support ,rehydration , prevention of bleeding and other symptoms. In addition,according to the number of days of fever in the experimental group,the patients were divided into two groups. The experimental group A(9 cases)had fever 1 ~ 4 days;the experimental group B(16 cases)had fever 5 ~ 7 days. All patients were measured in microalbuminuria ,serum creatinine,plasma albumin and other clinical indicators after 7 day treatment. Results Compared with the control group,microalbuminuria of the experimental group was significantly decreased;Creatinine recovery rate was faster than that in the control group;Plasma albumin had significantly increased;The number of symptomatic days of concurrent perfusion of other tissues had also significantly reduced. Compared with the experimental group B , microalbuminuria of the experimental group A was significantly decreased;Creatinine recovery rate was faster than that in the experimental group B;Plasma albumin had significantly increased;The number of symptomatic days of concurrent perfusion of other tissues was also significantly reduced. Conclusion Ulinastatin could effectively treat vascular injury and syndrome due to capillary leakage caused by epidemic hemorrhagic fever virus ,and the best effect occurs in early application in the fever.

Objective To discuss the characteristics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases(ESBLs)-producing Shigella and the relation between them and drug-resistance plasmid. Methods The suspicious ESBLs-producing isolates were screened by K-B disc diffusion method, and the ESBLs-producing strains were confirmed by confirmatory test recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Furthermore, the partial blageneof these isolates were detected by PCR using universal primers for TEM, SHV, CTX-M-1 group, CTX-M-2 group and CTX-M-9 group, respectively. The entire blaCTX-M-9 and blaTEM were amplified by PCR using the primers outside the open reading frame (ORF) of these β-1actamases and products were directly sequenced. The conjugation experiment was performed to determine whether the resistance was transferable. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was detected with double agar dilution method. Results Of the 275 isolates, 12 strains were identified as ESBLs producers. Among them, 8 strains were CTX-M-14 carriers and 4 strains were CTX-M-3 carriers. All ESBLs-producing isolates are positive for plasmid conjugative transfer test. The transconjugants are only resistance to betalactams. Conclusions High resistance to beta-laetams in Shigella is caused by production of ESBLs in the local area. The ESBLs-produeing isolates can transfer the drug resistance through lateral transfer of plasmid.

Objective To analyze the distribution of class 1,2 and 3 integrons and their gene cassettes,and to explore its relationship with drug resistance in Shigella.Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility was detected by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) method.All the genes of integrons and gene cassettes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).The amplicons were identified by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and sequencing.Results Fifty seven multi-drug resistant strains were identified from a total of 62 Shigella strains (91.9％).Among multi drug resistant strains,52 strains carried integrons of class 1 (91.2 ％) and 55 strains carried integrons of class 2 (96.5％).Only 2 strains carried class 1 integrons alone,5 strains carried class 2 integrons alone and 50 strains had both class 1 and class 2 integrons.Class 3 integrons were not detected.The gene cassettes of typical class 1 integrons,dfrV and dfrA17-aadA5,were detected in 6 strains and 2 strains,respectively.Atypical class 1 integrons with gene cassettes blaOxA30 aadA1 were detected in 44 strains.The typical and atypical class 1 integrons coexisted in 6 Shigella flexneri strains.Gene cassettes for class 2 integrons were dfrA1 sat1-aadA1.Conclusions The multi-drug resistant Shigella strains are widely distributed in Ji'nan,and the atypical class 1 integrons and class 2 integrons are common in these strains.Coexistence of the two integrons is observed in some of the strains.

Background With the development of refractive surgery,phakic intraocular lens implantation (PIOL) for high myopia is proving its outstanding merits in short-term treating outcomes.However,its long-term safety and effectiveness were still in more attention.Objective This study was to evaluate and compare the long-term safety,stability and efficacy of Verisyse PIOL implantation with implantable contact lens (ICL) implantation for high myopia.Methods The clinical data of 18 eyes (9 patients) who received Verisyse iris-claw intraocular lens implantation for high myopia and matched 22 eyes (11 patients) who received ICL implantation for high myopia from 2009 to 2011 were retrospectively analyzed.The patients were followed-up for 2 years after surgery.Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA),best corrected visual acuity (BCVA),spherical equivalence (SE),axial length,corneal endothelial cell density (ECD),contrast sensitivity (CS),wave-front aberrations and postoperative complications were recorded during the following-up.The efficacy index,predictable and safety index were compared between the two groups.Results There was no significant difference in UCVA,BCVA and SE between Verisyse group and ICL group(t =0.92,1.32,4.32;all at P＞0.05).Non-glare CS under the 1.5,3.0,6.0,12.0 and 18.0 c/d spatial frequencies were insignificantly different between the two groups(Z=0.782,0.956,0.495,0.874,0.293;all at P＞0.05),and the similar outcomes were found in glare CS (Z=0.985,1.254,0.896,1.652,0.492;all at P＞0.05) in postoperative 2 years.Root meas square of total high order aberration (RMSh),vertical-trefoil,vertical-coma,horizontal-coma,spherical aberration(SA),were significantly elevated in the Verisyse group compared with the ICL group (Z =4.72,4.24,3.12,3.65,2.16;all at P ＜ 0.05).The mean efficacy index was 108.49 ± 16.62 in the V erisyse group and 106.71±15.88 in the ICL group,showing a significant difference (t =0.54,P＞0.05).The mean safety index was 140.56±33.89 in the Verisyse group and 143.34±34.56 in the ICL group,with a significant difference between them (t=0.29,P＞0.05).The mean predictable index was-0.25(-0.97,4.23)in the Verisyse group and 0.98 (-1.44,1.52) in the ICL group,and the difference was significant (Z =-2.68,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Both Verisyse PIOL implantation and ICL implantation for high myopia are safe,predictable and effective.The vusial quality and predictability of ICL implantation are much better than Verisyse PIOL implantation.A long-term effect should be observed for the further evaluation.

Objective To compare the difference of the positive rates between real-time RT-PCR and ELISA-IgM methods in diagnosis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) cases.Method 138 serum samples from 78 suspected acute SFTS patients were collected continuously in our hospital,2014.And 91 serum samples from 49 confirmed cases were detected by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA-IgM,simultaneously.The results were analyzed by Software SPSS17.0.Result 138 serum samples were detected by the real-time RT-PCR and ELISA-IgM methods,and the positive rate was 51.45％,43.48％ respectively.There was significant difference between their positive rates (P ＜ 0.05).The courses of disease influenced the positive rates notablely in 49 confirmed cases between the real-time RT-PCR and ELISA-IgM assays.When the serum samples were collected within 8 days onset of illness to be detected,the positive rate of real-time RT-PCR method was higher than that of ELISA-IgM method.While the positive rate of ELISA-IgM showed a rising tendency along with the course extension.Conclusion Real-time RT-PCR would be the first choice for the early diagnosis of suspected SFTS cases.While ELISA-IgM methods could be the necessary supplemental assay and it would be the important diagnostic method as the extension of the course of SFTS.

The mixed methods research is the third research method following quantitative study and qualitative study which plays an unique role in nursing research. This paper reviewed the application of mixed methods research in nursing research and expounded the design flow of the mixed methods research based on explanatory sequential design as well as the key questions during combining quantitative study with qualitative study.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the correlation between Shigella flexneri multi-drug resistance and drug resistance gene cassette of integrons.

METHODAll 79 strains of Shigella flexneri were isolated from the feces of children ranged in age from 6 months to 14 years in some hospitals of Jinan, between May 2009 and April 2012.The resistance was detected by Kirby Bauer agar diffusion method, 1, 2 and 3 integron gene was amplified by PCR, the variable region of positive strains treated with enzyme digestion and determined by Series Analysis.

RESULTAmong 79 Shigella flexneri strains, the resistance rate was 91% (72/79) to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, 70% (55/79) to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, 30% (24/79), 23% (18/79), 33% (26/79) and 32% (25/79) to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin.All 79 strains were susceptible to cefoxitin, imipenem, cefoperazone/sulbactam. The common drug resistance pattern is ampicillin tetracycline-chloramphenicol-streptomycin, accounted for 91% (72/79); 91% (72/79) strains carried integrons of class 1, 86% (68/79) strains carried integrons of class 2, No intI3 was detected. The resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol of atypical class 1 integron positive strains was significantly higher than the negative strains (χ² = 35.96, P<0.01). The sequencing results:dfrV was detected in class 1 integron variable regions of 9 strains, dfrA17-aadA5 in 2 strains, blaOXA-30-aadA1 in 70 strains, 2 strains were not detected resistance gene cassette, all resistance gene cassettes were dfrA1-sat1-aadA1 in class 2 integron variable regions.

CONCLUSIONThe muti-drug resistance of Shigella flexneri in Jinan was closely associated with integrons.

Adolescent ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; genetics ; Dysentery, Bacillary ; microbiology ; Feces ; microbiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Integrons ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Shigella flexneri ; drug effects ; genetics