The recording and analysis for the neurons' single unit discharge is one of the important content among the comprehensive experiments in basic medicine.However,the traditional experiment cannot help the students to understand the mechanism of the action potential.According to the high comprehensive quality and high requirements of training in eight-year medical students,in the past two years,we have entrained the optogenetics into the single unit recording experiment and set up an experiment of neuronal discharge evoked by the optogenetics.In this article,we the introduce teaching design of the recording and analysis of the unit discharges induced by light genetics,sum up teaching experience and put forward our own thinking.

Objective To establish mouse poisoning model by inhaling benzene, and to investigate the induction effect of benzene on the apoptosis of mouse bone marrow cells and its mechanism, and to provide an experimental basis for study on bone marrow toxicity mechanism.Methods 24 male mice were randomly divided into four groups (n=6).The mice in one group were exposed to ambient air (control group)and the mice in the other three groups were exposed to different doses (400,800,1 600 mg·m-3 )of benzene (low,middle and high doses of benzene groups)for 1 5 d in the respective inhalation chambers. At the end of the experiment, the mice were killed. The bone marrow of the mice was obtained. The pathological changes of the bone marrow cells of the mice in various groups were observed under light microscope with HE staining.The apoptotic rates and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP ) of the mice in various groups were detected by flow cytometry, and the expressions of mitochondrial-deperdent apoptosis related gene proteins were determined with immunohistochemistry method. Results The number of distal and central cells in different doses of benzene groups were significantly reduced,and accompanied by blood sinus expansion in high dose of benzene group.The apoptotic rates of the cells in middle and high doses of benzene groups were obviously higher than that in control group (Ρ<0.01),and there were also significant differences between high dose group and low,middle doses of benzene groups (Ρ<0.05).The MMP was significantly decreased with the increasing of benzene doses, and there were significant differences between middle,high doses of benzene groups and control group (Ρ<0.05).The number of Bax,CytC positive cells in different doses of benzene groups and the number of Caspase-9,Caspase-3 positive cells in middle and high doses of benzene groups were significantly increased compared with control group(Ρ<0.05);the number of Bcl-2 positive cells in different doses of benzene groups was decreased(Ρ<0.05),and number of Bcl-2 positive cells in middle and high doses of benzene groups was decreased compared with low dose of benzene group (P<0.05). Conclusion Benzene with certain dose can induce the apoptosis of mouse bone marrow cells, and promote the expressions of mitochondrial apoptosis related gene proteins. Benzene-induced apoptosis through mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis pathway may be an important mechanism of bone marrow toxicity induced by benzene.

Higher education for the disabled is essential to education equality and social harmony,it represents the depth of society improvement and the level of social civilization.Inclusive education has develop from adopt physical disability into no discrimination at psychological level.This article explored 3 combination education mode (the disabled combined with the healthy,medicine combined with teaching,general stu.dies combined with the specialty) through education environment,education methods and education pathways using resources in medical colleges.This mode through no discrimination education environment for the disabled using medicine and teaching combination education methods to recover physical and psychological of the disabled,and using general studies combined with the specialty education pathways to train the disabled into a fully skilled person.

Objective To explore the clinicopathological features of IgA nephrolpathy associated with malignant hypertension (IgAN-MHT) and to analyze their correlation with renal vascular lesions. Methods Twenty-nine patients of IgAN-MHT were screened from 2000 biopsy-proven eases with primary IgA nephropathy (IgAN) in our department from April 1997 to May 2007. Data of clinicopathology and follow-up of these 29 patients were collected. Semi- quantitative analysis was performed to evaluate the pathological changes. Inner lumen, outer lumen, intimal thickness, tunica media-to-internal lumen ratio of 436 arterioles, 124 interlobular arteries and 5 arcuate arteries were measured. The primary endpeint was the composite of a doubling of serum creatinine level and ESRD. Correlations of renal vascular lesions with clinical manifestation, pathological change and prognosis were examined by Spearman and Cox methods. Results 1.5% of all the IgAN patients presented malignant hypertension. The common clinical features were renal failure (100%), hyperurieacidemia (62.7%) and hypertriglyceridemia (51.7%). The average amount of urine protein excretion was 2.8 g/d. The common pathological changes were moderate mesangial proliferation, severe global sclerosis, severe interstitial inflammation and severe interstitial- tubular fibrosis. The small arteries (arcuate arteries and interlobular arteries) and arterioles (afferent arterioles) were both involved in IgAN-MHT. The characteristic lesions of intrarenal arteries included vascular occlusion, media thickening, proliferative endarteritis (onionskin lesion, musculomucoid intimal hyperplasia), hyaline arteriosclerosis, but mainly vascular occlusion (86.2%). The arteriole lesion was negatively correlated with age and total protein level; vascular occlusion was positively correlated with uric acid level. The average foUow-up period was 21.1 months. Forteen patients reached the endpoint. The arteriole lesion was the main independent risk factor for the progression of IgAN-MHT (RR=10.21, 95%CI=1.16～89.67). Conclusions The main clinical feature of IgAN-MHT is renal failure. The main histological feature of intrarenal vascular lesions is occludes arterioles. Arteriole lesion is the main independent risk factor for the progression of IgAN-MHT.

ObjectiveTo explore the influence of washable type subglottic attract on incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients with mechanical ventilation. Methods356 cases in need of mechanical ventilation from July 2009 to July 2010 in our hospital were chosen as the research object.They were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group with 178 cases in each group.The control group was treated with conventional endotracheal tube for mechanical ventilation.The observation group used washable type subglottic endotracheal tube to attract for mechanical ventilation.The VAP rate for the two groups occurred during mechanical ventilation in ventilator was compared.Migration of the dominant bacteria of the subglottic secretion was detected,underwent pathogenic examination and drug sensitivity test. ResultsThe VAP rate was significantly lower in the observation group than that of the control group.186 bacteria strains were detected from subglottic secretion,and 169 were detected from lower respiratory tract. ConclusionsWashable type subglottic attract for mechanical ventilation can reduce the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia for patients with mechanical ventilation significantly,and it is worthy of clinical application.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinicopathological features of mucinous adenocarcinoma of salivary glands.

METHODSThe clinical manifestations and histopathological characteristics of 6 cases of mucinous adenocarcinoma of salivary gland were studied by retrospective and routine histopathology and immunohistochemistry.

RESULTSFour mucinous adenocarcinoma occurred in palate and 2 in mouth floor. Average age of patients was 60 years (48 - 70) and males were affected more often than females (4:2). Pathologically, the tumor grew with infiltration of surrounding tissues. The tumor consisted of unitary mucinous cells and mucin pool was obvious. The cell pleomorphism and nuclear mitosis were often seen. Some tumors showed acinus-like structure. Tumor cells often formed incomplete duct-like structure and small clusters floating in mucinous pool. There were intracellular mucin and signet ring cells in the tumor. Tumor cells showed positive reaction to PAS, Alcin blue, and some cytokeratin staining.

CONCLUSIONSMucinous adenocarcinoma of salivary gland is a rare malignant tumor which mainly affects palate and mouth floor of older patients. The tumor may originate from acinic cell of mucous acinus or multi-potential cell of salivary gland.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous ; metabolism ; pathology ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Keratins ; analysis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Salivary Gland Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology

Objective: The method was established for the detection of whole blood indium and serum indium. By comparing the results of two samples, it is possible to explore the significance of whole blood indium and serum indium in the population exposed to indium compounds. Methods: According to GBZ/T 295-2017 and GBZ 294-2017, the whole blood and serum samples were diluted 20 times by 0.5% nitric acid solution (including 0.05% Triton X-100) . Under the standard mode of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) , whole blood indium and serum indium of indirect exposure group, low exposure group and high exposure group in an indium mine were detected with 20 μg/L rhodium standard solution as internal standard. Results: This method has a working range of 0.00~5.00 μg/L and a correlation coefficien t>0.999. The detection limit and quantitative lower limit of whole blood indium were 0.076 μg/L and 0.26 μg/L respectively. Those of serum indium were 0.06 μg/L and 0.20 μg/L accordingly. The recovery rates of serum and whole blood samples were 88.5%~95.6% and 93.0%~101%. Intra batch precisions were 1.3%~4.4% and 1.9%~3.5% and inter batch precision were 2.4%~6.1% and 2.1%~4.6% in two samples. There were no significant differences between whole blood indium and serum indium in indirect exposure group. The serum indium level was lower than the detection limit in 3 cases, while their whole blood indium was only below the quantitative lower limit. However, in other groups whole blood indium level was significantly higher than serum indium level (P<0.05) and even was two-fold in the high exposure group. Conclusion The detection of whole blood indium is more sensitive than that of serum indium, which can reflect the internal exposure level more accurately in exposure population. Therefore, the whole blood indium is of more important referential value to health examination and poisoning diagnosis in the population exposed to indium and its compounds.

Fever ; etiology ; Humans ; Hydrothorax ; diagnosis ; etiology ; surgery ; Liver Diseases ; complications ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Thoracoscopy ; adverse effects ; methods ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo investigate the biological behavior and proper management of myoepithelial carcinomas of salivary glands.

METHODSTwenty-seven cases of myoepithelial carcinoma of salivary glands were retrospectively studied and their detailed clinical and follow-up data were presented.

RESULTSThe subjects consisted of 17 men and 10 women aged 16 to 73 years (mean age: 51 years). The parotid gland was the most common site (n = 14) of cancer. Clinical features included extensive local growth, invasion of the surrounding tissues, infrequent cervical lymph node metastasis but high rates of distant metastasis, frequent/multiple recurrences and poor prognosis.

CONCLUSIONSMyoepithelial carcinomas of the salivary gland should be classified as high-grade malignancies. Early and radical surgery with close follow-up are essential for achieving favorable outcomes. Radiotherapy appears to be non-sensitive and elective neck dissection is generally unnecessary.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myoepithelioma ; mortality ; therapy ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Salivary Gland Neoplasms ; mortality ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo investigate the mechanism of genetic toxicity of gaseous benzene to mouse bone marrow cells and to provide an experimental basis for the discovery of early biomarkers among benzene-exposed population.

METHODSMale mice were randomly divided into control group and three benzene-exposed groups (6 mice per group). The control group was exposed to ambient air, and the three benzene-exposed groups were exposed to different concentrations of benzene (400, 800, and 1 600 mg/m(3)) for 15 days, 2 hours per day, in static inhalation chambers. At the end of the 15-day experimental period, the mice were killed. Bone marrow cells were separated from sacrificed mice, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were determined by biochemical methods. DNA damage was evaluated by micronucleus assay and single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE). The expression of MPO protein was determined by immunocytochemistry.

RESULTSThe SOD activities in different dose groups (88.67 ± 13.58, 73.64 ± 4.50, and 67.63 ± 5.42 U/mg prot) were significantly decreased as compared with the control group (119.98±9.42 U/mg prot) (P<0.01). Moreover, the SOD activities in medium- and high-dose groups were significantly lower than that of the low-dose group (P < 0.05). The GSH-Px activities in medium- and high-dose groups (705.07 ± 93.75 and 674.77 ± 86.80 U/mg prot) were significantly decreased as compared with that of the control group (940.25 ± 82.63 U/mg prot) (P < 0.01), and the high-dose group had a significantly lower GSH-Px activity than the low-dose group (674.77 ± 86.80 U/mg prot vs 833.98 ± 130.64 U/mg prot, P < 0.05). The MDA content of low-, medium-, and high-dose groups (22.42±2.67, 22.38±3.02, and 27.66±2.89 nmol/mg prot) were significantly higher than that of the control group (12.35±1.58 nmol/mg prot) (P < 0.01), and MDA content was significantly higher in the high-dose group than in the medium- and low-dose groups (P < 0.05). The micronucleus assay showed that the micronucleus rates in different dose groups (4.67±0.82‰, 5.00±0.89‰, and 5.33±1.03‰) were significantly higher than that of the control group (2.50±0.55‰) (P < 0.01). The SCGE demonstrated that the DNA damage rates of medium- and high-dose groups (22.08% and 25.68%) were significantly higher than that of the control group (7.00%) (P < 0.01), and the DNA damage rate of high-dose group was significantly higher than that of the low-dose group (11.24%) (P < 0.05). MPO activity increased with the dose of benzene in all three benzene-treated groups (16.79±2.16, 19.46±2.28, and 22.53±2.76 U/g prot) and was significantly higher than that of the control group (12.89±0.74 U/g prot) (P < 0.01). The positive rates of MPO protein expression in low-, medium-, and high-dose groups (13.20±2.28%, 30.80±3.35%, and 40.20±1.92%) were significantly higher than that of the control group (6.60±1.14%) (P < 0.01). The MPO activity in high-dose group and the positive rates of MPO protein expression in medium- and high-dose groups were all significantly higher than those of the low-dose group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONGaseous benzene exposure has toxic effect on genetics of mouse bone marrow cells. It leads to chromosome breakage and DNA damage, enhances the activity and protein expression of MPO, and induces lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation damage is a potential mechanism by which gaseous benzene exerts toxic effect on mouse bone marrow cells.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Benzene ; toxicity ; Bone Marrow Cells ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; DNA Damage ; Lipid Peroxidation ; drug effects ; Male ; Mice