Cell therapy has a very promising potential for end-stage liver diseases (ESLD).Fetal liver stem/progenitor cells (FLSPCs) have advantages of safety,high survival and proliferation rates,and a small volume,all which make them ideal for liver disease stem cell therapy.During the early phase of our study,we applied a three-step separation method to enrich FLSPCs and obtained a separation efficiency similar to that of the flow-cell sorting method.Additionally,using a fulminant hepatic failure model in rats,we have demonstrated that FLSPCs can contribute to morphological and functional recovery of the liver.This manuscript will discuss how FLSPCs can be induced to accurately differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes and how FLSPCs maintain self-renewal.The Notch signaling plays a critical role in regulating the differentiation and self-renewal of many types of stem cells.Our previous findings have shown that the Notch signaling plays an important role in FLSPCs differentiation into hepatocytes.Therefore,the Notch signaling might be involved in the differentiation and self-renewal of FLSPCs.We conducted a study on the regulatory effects and relative molecular mechanisms of the Notch signaling on FLSPCs and found the corresponding interfering target,which might become an index for the clinical application of FLSPCs.

Objective To analyze the activity of the vastus medialis (VM) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles in the dynamic stabilization of the patella in patients with patellofemoral pain (PFPS) using standard surface electromyographic (sEMG) tests.Methods This comparative study involved 7 patients with PFPS (13 knees) and 10 healthy subjects (20 knees).They performed weight-bearing squat movements,and sEMG was employed to measure the mean amplitude and the time before peak (TBP) of their VM and VL muscles.Results There was no significant difference between the two groups in the ratio of the mean amplitudes of the VM and VL muscles.However,the ratio in both groups in squatting was significantly higher than when simply standing.In the PFPS group the average TBP delay of the VM relative to the TBP of the VL was significantly longer than in the control group during squat movements.Conclusions The delay in the TBP of the VM relative to the VL during squat movements could serve as a standardized test for assessing treatment effect in patients with local factor PFPS.

Objective To investigate the effect of selectively upward placement of acetabular implants on limb length and post?operative function of developmental dysplasia of the hip patients with shortened legs during total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods Twenty?six cases of developmental dysplasia of the hip received THA between January 2008 and December 2013, in?cluding 12 cases of Crowe typeⅠ, 8 of Crowe typeⅡ, 6 of Crowe typeⅢ. There were 5 males and 21 females with an average age of 62.7 years (range, 36-80 years). The left hip was involved in 9 cases and the right hip in 17 cases. The preoperative mean Har?ris score was 42.30±12.84, and the preoperative mean WOMAC score was 59.08±13.84 at the last follow?up. The anteroposterior X?ray films and CT scan of the pelvis, anteroposterior and lateral X?ray films of the femur, and TraumaCad analysis were conducted routinely preoperation. More than 70%of the bone?implant interface was covered by appropriate upward distance of acetabular im?plant. Results The follow?up time ranged from 6 to 73 months (mean, 36 months). The Harris score improved to 91.18±7.09, and WOMAC score reduced to 9.85±3.75. According to postoperative measurement, affected limb had been lengthened by 0-5 mm in 8 cases, 6-10 mm in 5 cases, 11-15 mm in 5 cases,>15 mm in 7 cases, and shortening increased 1 mm in 1 case, but the average lengthening was 9.23±7.54 mm. The upward distance of acetabular implant was 0-5 mm in 10 cases, 6-10 mm in 7 cases and>10 mm in 9 cases. The average lengthening was 6.60±6.72 mm in patients having 0-5 mm upward distance, 11.90±5.64 mm in patients having 6-10 mm upward distance and 10.11 ± 9.35 mm in patients having>15 mm upward distance, showing no significant differ?ence. The leg length discrepancy was-3.70±6.43 mm in patients having 0-5 mm upward distance, 1.71±6.24 mm in patients having 6-10 mm upward distance and 0.56 ± 7.70 mm in patients having>15 mm upward distance, showing no significant difference. Con?clusion The limb length could be improved by selectively upward placement of acetabular implants in developmental dysplasia of the hip patients with anatomically abnormal acetabulum during THA, with reasonable preoperative design and corrective operation.

Objective To investigate the utilization of ultrasound monitoring the renal blood flow during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).Methods Twentry one cases,who received veinartery ECMO for heart failure,were examinated by bed-side ultrasound before the ECMO initiated,right after the ECMO initiated,each day after the ECMO initiated,and right after the ECMO weaned.The renal interlobar artery peak velocity (Vmax) was measured,and the renal interlobar artery resistant index (RI) was calculated,as well as the values of the serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were recorded.All the data were compared.Results Compared to the variables right after the ECMO initiated,thc Vmax incrcascd (P ＜ 0.05) two days after ECMO initiated and right after the ECMO weaned,while RI (P ＜ 0.05),SCr (P ＜ 0.05) and BUN (P ＜ 0.05) decreased,there being significant differences (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions While treating patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,the ultrasound can monitoring the renal blood flow effectively,and provide important parameters for the clinical doctors as the basis of the diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To explore the feasibility,reproducibility and reliability of the T 2* MRI technique in quantifying different concentrations of MnCl2water phantoms at 3.0T.Methods The water phantoms with different concentrations of MnCl2underwent T2* imaging at both 1.5T and 3.0T MRI,and repeated imaging at 3.0T MRI after 1 month.A Spearman correlation was used to determine the relationship of T2* values and Mn concentrations,and established the linear regression equations by using the simple linear regression.W ilcoxon signed-rank sum test and Bland-Altman method were used to evaluate the reproducibility of twice T 2* measurements at 3.0T,and the interclass correlation coefficient(ICC)was calculated.Results T2* values of the phantoms were negatively correlated to Mn concentrations(r= -1.000,P<0.001),and R2* values of the phantoms were positively correlated to Mn concentrations(r=1.000,P<0.001). T2* values of the phantoms measured at 3.0T were positively correlated to that measured at 1.5T(r=1.000,P<0.001).The linear regression equation was T2* 3.0T =0.651T2* 1.5T +0.041.There was no statistical difference of T2* values between the two measurements at 3.0T (Z= -1.732,P=0.083),and ICC was 1.000.Conclusion 3.0T MRI is feasible to quantify cardiac iron deposition.

BACKGROUND:Previous studies have indicated that resistin stimulates a large set of chemokines in chondrocytes that are known to be important in inflammatory joint lesions.
OBJECTIVE:To further investigate the mechanism of co-regulation roles of transcription and post-transcription in the up-regulation of two chemokine genes CCL3 and CCL4 in chondrocytes in response to resistin.
METHODS:Human chondrocytes, T/C-28a2 and ATDC5 cels were cultured. The function of resistin on the chemokine genes, and the expression of C/EBPβ, nuclear factor-κB isoforms and chondrogenic specific miRNAs were tested by qPCR. The co-regulation of C/EBPβ and nuclear factor-κB was investigated by nuclear factor-κB inhibitor (IKK-NBD) and C/EBPβ inhibitor (SB303580) treatments, and subcelular localization was detected with or without resistin stimulation.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Resistin could increase the expression of chemokine genes independently. Chondrocytes reacted in a non-restrictedly cel-specific manner to resistin; C/EBPβ inhibitor, nuclear factor-κB and some chondrogenic specific miRNAs in a combinatorial manner regulated chemokine gene expression. The activity of C/EBPβ was augmented by a transient increase in activity of nuclear factor-κB, and both transcription factors acted independently on the chemokine genes, CCL3 and CCL4.

BACKGROUND:The anterior cruciate ligament has unique nonlinear mechanical properties under a complex physiological loading environment.Elastin is an important contributor to the mechanical properties of the anterior cruciate ligament,but its mechanical response to the anterior cruciate ligament under axial tension is not clear. OBJECTIVE:To quantitatively analyze the effect of elastin on the tensile mechanical response of the anterior cruciate ligament. METHODS:Elastase solution and control buffer were prepared.The porcine anterior cruciate ligament samples were prepared into small-size samples and randomly soaked in 0,0.1,1.0,2.0,5.0,and 10.0 U/mL elastase solution for 6 hours,and other small samples of the same size were soaked in 2 U/mL elastase solution for 0,1,3,6,9,and 12 hours.To determine suitable soaking conditions for elastin-targeted enzymes and verify the digestive effect,histological staining was used to compare the effects of enzyme treatment on tissue structure and composition.The ligament samples were randomly divided into elastase-treated group and PBS group,and immersed in 2 U/mL elastase solution and PBS buffer for 6 hours,respectively.A mechanical tensile test was performed before and after immersion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The biochemical results showed that being treated in 2 U/mL elastase solution for 6 hours could reduce the elastin content by 31.1%,and had no significant effect on other mechanical-related components in the tissue.(2)The histological results showed that elastase was able to penetrate the tissue,and the loose degree of tissue increased after treatment.(3)In the mechanical results before and after treatment,the mechanical properties of the PBS group decreased significantly,only the low-tension elastic modulus increased significantly and the initial length increased significantly in the elastase-treated group.(4)The intergroup comparison results showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in pre-treatment,but the low-tension elastic modulus,initial slopes,saturated slopes,and initial length of the elastase-treated group after treatment were significantly higher than those in the PBS group.(5)These results suggest that elastin degradation significantly affects the biomechanical properties of the anterior cruciate ligament and further complements our understanding of the structure-function relationship of the anterior cruciate ligament.

Objective:To explore the feasibility and effect of applying spherical fitting technology in CT three-dimensional reconstruction in preoperative planning of the resection range of Cam-type femoral acetabular impingement (FAI).Methods:46 Cam-type FAI patients who underwent arthroscopic femoroplasty in the Department of Sports Medicine in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University from July 2020 to June 2022 were enrolled in the spherical fitting group, including 26 females and 20 males, with an average age of 38.4±15.2 years (range of 24-53 years). The preoperative planning was performed using spherical fitting technology in CT three-dimensional reconstruction. Another 42 Cam-type FAI patients who underwent arthroscopic femoroplasty from July 2018 to June 2020 were enrolled in the observation group, including 25 females and 17 males, with an average age of 43.6±18.4 years (range 24-61 years). The preoperative planning was performed using CT three-dimensional reconstruction observation method. This study evaluated the impact of femoroplasty planned by spherical fitting technique on patients' prognosis though comparing the differences of postoperative α angle, femoral head-neck offset ratio, modified Harris hip score (mHHS), and visual analog score (VAS) at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months between two groups.Results:The average follow-up time was 11.8±0.6 months in spherical fitting group and 11.3±0.8 months in observation group. There was no significant difference regarding α angle, femoral head-neck offset ratio, mHHS, and VAS between two groups preoperatively ( P>0.05). The mHHS in two groups increased gradually, while VAS decreased sequentially at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postoperatively. The postoperative mHHS and VAS were significantly better than those before surgery ( P<0.05). The mHHS was 83.2±14.8 vs. 70.5±11.2 in spherical fitting group and observation group at the followup of 9 months with significant difference ( t=4.471, P=0.007). It was 85.7±13.3 vs. 73.2±12.5 at the followup of 12 months with significant difference ( t=4.596, P=0.008). No significant difference was found in α angle, femoral head-neck offset ratio or mHHS at 3 and 6 months postoperatively ( P>0.05), and no significant difference was found in VAS at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postoperatively between two groups. Conclusion:The spherical fitting technology in CT three-dimensional reconstruction could assist surgeons with planning of the resection range of Cam deformity preoperatively, and achieve a smooth progress of arthroscopic femoroplasty intraoperatively; after short term follow-up, we found that patients who underwent femoroplasty using this technology achieved satisfactory outcomes.

BACKGROUND:Myocardial patches are used as an effective way to repair damaged myocardium,and there is controversy over which cells to use to make myocardial patches and how to maximize the therapeutic effect of myocardial patches in vivo. OBJECTIVE:To find out the best way to make myocardial patches by overviewing the cellular sources of myocardial patches and strategies for perfecting them. METHODS:The first author searched PubMed and Web of Science databases by using"cell sheet,cell patch,cardiomyocytes,cardiac progenitor cells,fibroblasts,embryonic stem cell,mesenchymal stem cells"as English search terms,and searched CNKI and Wanfang databases by using"myocardial patch,biological 3D printing,myocardial"as Chinese search terms.After enrollment screening,94 articles were ultimately included in the result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The cellular sources of myocardial patches are mainly divided into three categories:somatic cells,monoenergetic stem cells,and pluripotent stem cells,respectively.There are rich sources of cells for myocardial patches,but not all of them are suitable for making myocardial patches,e.g.,myocardial patches made from fibroblasts and skeletal myoblasts carry a risk of arrhythmogenicity,and mesenchymal stem cells have a short in vivo duration of action and ethical concerns.With the discovery of induced multifunctional stem cells,a reliable source of cells for making myocardial patches is available.(2)There are two methods of making myocardial patches.One is using cell sheet technology.The other is using biological 3D printing technology.Cell sheet technology can preserve the extracellular matrix components intact and can maximally mimic the cell growth ring in vivo.However,it is still difficult to obtain myocardial patches with three-dimensional structure by cell sheet technology.Biologicasl 3D printing technology,however,can be used to obtain myocardial patches with three-dimensional structures through computerized personalized design.(3)The strategies for perfecting myocardial patches mainly include:making myocardial patches after co-cultivation of multiple cells,improving the ink formulation and scaffold composition in biological 3D printing technology,improving the therapeutic effect of myocardial patches,suppressing immune rejection after transplantation,and perfecting the differentiation and cultivation protocols of stem cells.(4)There is no optimal cell source or method for making myocardial patches,and myocardial patches obtained from a particular cell or technique alone often do not achieve the desired therapeutic effect.Therefore,researchers need to choose the appropriate strategy for making myocardial patches based on the desired therapeutic effect before making them.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of health education of a three-year special action for prevention and control of drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis (referred to as drinking water-borne fluorosis) in Shandong Province, and to provide basis for formulating health education measures in the next step.Methods:Nineteen of the disease affected counties (cities and districts) were selected as project counties (cities and districts) in key areas for prevention and control of drinking water-borne fluorosis in Shandong Province in 2018, and 50 disease affected counties (cities and districts) were selected in 2019, and the project counties (cities and districts) were expanded to all of the 105 disease affected counties (cities and districts) in Shandong Province in 2020. Three disease affected townships (towns) were selected in each county (city and district), and health education activities on drinking water-borne fluorosis were carried out in Grade 4 to Grade 6 of the central primary schools and the three villages under its jurisdiction. Students and housewives were selected to conduct questionnaire surveys on prevention and control knowledge of drinking water-borne fluorosis before and after health education. The incidence of dental fluorosis among children aged 8 - 12 years was investigated annually in 6 villages (with children aged 8 - 12 years > 50) , where health education activity was implemented and the incidence of dental fluorosis among children was > 30%, water fluoride content was > 1.5 mg/L and water improvement time was < 5 years.Results:After health education, the awareness rates of drinking water-borne fluorosis in fifth grade pupils [92.46% (4 571/4 944) vs 65.80% (3 334/5 067) in 2018; 94.84% (12 897/13 599) vs 73.55% (9 993/13 587) in 2019; 95.59% (30 407/ 31 809) vs 77.52% (24 463/31 557) in 2020] and housewives [94.12% (2 400/2 550) vs 76.04% (1 939/2 550) in 2018; 94.99% (6 412/6 750) vs 72.00% (4 860/6 750) in 2019; 95.53% (16 183/16 941) vs 78.43% (12 971/16 539) in 2020] were significantly improved (χ 2 = 1 070.47, 2 315.27, 4 456.40, 328.25, 1 294.80, 2 174.63, P < 0.05). After health education in 2020, there were significant differences in the correct answer rates of epidemic causes, hazards and preventive measures of drinking water-borne fluorosis in the questionnaire of fifth grade pupils and housewives (χ 2 = 390.78, 164.94, P < 0.05). The awareness rates of drinking water-borne fluorosis in fifth grade pupils and housewives in the eastern region (Qingdao City, Yantai City and Weifang City) were significantly higher than those in the western region (Dezhou City, Liaocheng City and Heze City) before health education (χ 2 = 547.43, 210.12, P < 0.05), and after health education, the awareness rates increased to more than 90%. The detection rate of dental fluorosis in children decreased year by year (χ 2trend = 27.95, P < 0.05). Conclusions:Through implementation of a three-year special action for prevention and control of drinking water-borne fluorosis in Shandong Province, the awareness rate of fluorosis among target populations has been significantly improved. However, it is still necessary for government departments to further increase investment in health education and carry out health education activities in a deep-going way.