Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the leading cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide.There is no vaccine to prevent HCV infection.Current standard of care (SOC) for hepatitis C is pegylated interferon-α (pegIFN-α) in combination with ribavirin (RBV).However,the efficacy of pegIFN-α and RBV combination therapy is less than 50％ for genotype 1 HCV,which is the dominant virus in human.Additionally,IFN and RBV are highly toxic,causing severe side effects.Therefore,it is urgent to develop safer and more efficacious anti-HCV drugs.Over the last decade,a number of HCV-specific inhibitors have been discovered with many of them reached to late stages of clinical trials.Recently,2 HCV NS3 protease inhibitors,telaprevir and boceprevir,have been approved by the Unite States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).This opens up a new era for anti-HCV therapy.Several new classes of antiviral drugs targeting HCV NS3 protease,NS5A and NSSB RNA-dependence RNA polymerase (RdRp) are currently at various stages of preclinical and clinical studies.Upon approval of more NS3 protease,NS5A and NS5B polymerase inhibitors,future clinical studies will lead to optimal combination therapies which will have desirable parameters such as IFN-free,higher efficacy,safe,one daily dose and short duration.

Objective To explore the efficacy of negative pressure lavation in stool collec-tion of patients with diarrhea and to explore the application effect to prevent of incontinent related dermatitis.Methods Ostomy collection bags were put into the anus of 20 patients with diarrhea, and one disposable silicone gastric tube was inserted into the tail of each bag.The tail of the bag was then folded lengthways to cover the gastric tube,which was fixed with adhesive tapes.After that,the tube was connected to an electric sucker,and lukewarm water was poured into the bag to dilute stool.Thus stool was collected after repeated suctions.Results Among 20 patients,only one patient had skin dermatitis at the end of ostomy bag after stopped receiving negative pressure lavation.And the rest patients had stools collected effectively,and no one suffered from incontinent dermatitis.Conclusion Negative pressure lavation is effective in stool collection of patients with diarrhea and prevention of incontinent related dermatitis.It can accurately record the amount of stool,alleviate the pains of patients,and reduce nursing workload.Thus it is worthy of clinical promotion.

Objective To explore the efficacy of negative pressure lavation in stool collec-tion of patients with diarrhea and to explore the application effect to prevent of incontinent related dermatitis.Methods Ostomy collection bags were put into the anus of 20 patients with diarrhea, and one disposable silicone gastric tube was inserted into the tail of each bag.The tail of the bag was then folded lengthways to cover the gastric tube,which was fixed with adhesive tapes.After that,the tube was connected to an electric sucker,and lukewarm water was poured into the bag to dilute stool.Thus stool was collected after repeated suctions.Results Among 20 patients,only one patient had skin dermatitis at the end of ostomy bag after stopped receiving negative pressure lavation.And the rest patients had stools collected effectively,and no one suffered from incontinent dermatitis.Conclusion Negative pressure lavation is effective in stool collection of patients with diarrhea and prevention of incontinent related dermatitis.It can accurately record the amount of stool,alleviate the pains of patients,and reduce nursing workload.Thus it is worthy of clinical promotion.

Objective To investigate the safety and efficacy of fiber choledochoscope in the treatment of patients with biliary cast syndrome (BCS) after liver transplantation (LT).Methods Clinical data of 10 patients with BCS after LT treated with fiber choledochoscope in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University between March 2014 and June 2016 were analyzed retrospectively. There were 8 males and 2 females, aged 46-66 years old and the median age was 50 years old. The primary diseases of the patients were primary liver cancer (n=6), biliary cirrhosis (n=1), hepatic cirrhosis after hepatitis B (n=2), and hepatic cirrhosis after hepatitis C (n=1). The informed consents of all patients were obtained and the local ethical committee approval was received. For patients with BCS in the early stage after LT, T tube was replaced. For patients in late stage after LT, T tube fistula dilatation was performed, then biliary cast (BC) was removed and the supporting drainage tube was placed.Results 2 cases received T tube replacement when in early stage after LT, 8 received T tube fistula dilatation when in late stage after LT. All 10 cases had BC removed successfully with fiber choledochoscope. Liver function of 8 cases returned to normal after surgery, and the biliary drainage tube was removed. 2 cases had BC again and recurrent biliary infection, and then received PTCD drainage. Conclusion Fiber choledochoscope is safe, effective and feasible for the treatment of BCS after LT.