Objective To explore the mechanism of the influence on mice brain of environmental tobacco smoke. Methods After the mice were placed into the bench for 8 weeks, the region of the mice brain was localized and the expression of neurotransmitters and neurotransmitters receptors were detected by immunohistochernistry.Results ( 1 ) The expression of GABA in the mice cerebral cortex ( CC ) ( 0. 25 ± 0. 06 ) and the hippocampus (Hip) (0. 19 ± 0. 07 ) were much higher in the ETS-exposed group than that in the control group(P＜ 0. 05 ). (2)The expression of nAChR on CC(0. 31 ±0. 10) was much more in the ETS-exposed group than that in control group(P＜0.05). (3) The expression of NMDAR( Glu receptors) on the CC and striate cortex were much higher in the ETS-exposed group(0.32 ±0. 10,0.38 ±0. 14), NIC-inhaling group(0.31 ±0. 08,0.31 ± 0. 11 ) than that in control group(P＜0. 05 ). Conclusions Long-term ETS-exposed and NiC-exposed environment could change the expression of neurotransmitter and its receptors.

Objective To discuss the imaging manifestations of chordoma.Methods The imaging manifestations of chordoma in 42 cases proved by surgery and pathology were retrospectively analysed.Results The lesions located at the region of skull base in 23 cases(54.8%),at the sacrococcygeal region in 18 cases(42.9%) and one case(2.3%) outside the axial skeleton as an extra-axial chordoma or parachordoma.Bone destruction in the areas near skull base and sacrococcygeal region could be found on radiography.On CT,chordoma typically appeared as a expansile soft-tissue mass that arises from the clivus and sacrococcygeal region with associated extensive lytic bone destruction.MR imaging was considerably superior to CT in the delineation of lesion extent.Conclusion Chordoma has typically distribution and characteristic imaging manifestations,especially MRI.

Objective To evaluate the relieving effects of vanillin sinffing on depression-like behaviors in depressed rats and to explore the possible underlying mechanism.Methods Depression animal model established by chronic unpredictable medium intensity stress combined with isolation and destroy the olfactory bulb.The depressed rats were divided randomly into vanillin inhalation group,fluoxetine hydrochloride group,depression model group,olfactory bulbectomy with the vanillin inhalation treatment group and sham-operated group.Nervous behavioral changes had been observed at different time after the administration of 5 weeks.The concentration of brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) in the brain homogenate and the positive expression of BDNF in hippocampus had been also measured.Results Two weeks after the intervention,the immobility time of vanillin group((12.78 ±7.50) s) was lower than that of the model group((57.33±32.16) s) (P＜0.05).The consumption of saccharose in vanillin group((52.88±25.18)g) was higher than that of model group((37.40±19.33) g) (P＜0.05).BDNF of the brain homogenate in vanillin group (0.54±0.13) was significantly increased compared with model group (0.36± 0.06) (P＜0.01).When compared with the OBX group (0.40±0.06),similar result was obtained.Immunohistochemistry and the average density of image analysis revealed that the expression of BNDF of hippocampal CA3 in vanillin group (0.40±0.03)was significantly increased compared with model group (0.25±0.04) and OBX group (0.28±0.03) (P＜0.01).Conclusion Vanillin inhalation significantly relieves depression-like behaviors in depression rats.The possible mechanism may increase hippocampal neurogenesis by raising brain derived neurotrophic factor in brain.

Objective To design an intramedullary nail that had the same ends and could be connected to hairline pointer and employ it to fixate mid-shaft clavicular fractures. Methods Sixty adult clavicles and five fresh adult cadaveric clavicles were employed to measure full length, angle between lateral and middle segments, angle between middle and medial segments as well as the narrowest outer and inner diameters of the clavicle. The interlocked intramedullary nail with the same structure of two ends was designed and used to fixate mid-shaft clavicular fractures. The nail was inserted in retrograde manner and locking screws could be inserted at beth ends. Results The full length, angle between lateral and middle segments, angle between middle and media] segments as well as the narrowest outer and inner diameters of the clavicle were (14.82 ± 1.15) cm, 30°, 30°, (1.00±0.16) cm and (0.50± 0. 18) cm respectively. After conversely placing guide pin from the fracture end, expanding medullary cavity and adjusting the nail, the designed nail was inserted into the medullary cavity from the distal or proximal ends of the clavicle, which was locked by interlocked screws. Conclusions Self-made nail takes advantages of less surgical invasion, visible fracture reduction and stable fracture fixation for treatment of mid-shaft clavicular fractures. While the biomechanieal properties of the nail need further investigation.

Objective To investigatethe constituents of enteroviruse which can cause hand‐foot‐and‐mouth disease(HFMD) ,and prevent against the development of new prevailing strains and provide basis for prevention and control of HFMD in Luoyang city . Methods Reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was used to identify the type of RNA of stool specimen of HFMD cases in Luoyang ,to distinguish the subtype of strain ,9 enterovirus‐positive specimens which coxcackie virusA16(CA16)‐and enterovirus71(EV71)‐negative were selected randomly for 5′UTR sequencing .strain‐specific primers were used to detect posi‐tive samples in 75 CA16‐ and EV71‐negative but other enterovirus‐positive specimens by using real time RT‐PCR .Composition characteristics of CA6 were further analyzed .Results Primary screening was conducted with the results of 5′UTR sequencing of 9 commonent erovirus‐positive specimens and there were 5 CA6‐positive ,which were prevailing strains;there were 20 CA6‐positive of 75 commonenterovirus‐positive specimens ,the proportion of CA6‐positive in enterovirus‐positive specimens was 29 .76% (25/84) . Thirteen samples were collected from male and 12 from female ,2 cases resulted in severe symptoms ,5 from city and 20 from coun‐try .Conclusion The composition of commonent erovirus which results in HFMD was complex and the proportion of CA6 was higher ,which should be pay more attention .

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of Interleukin-6 on cyclophosphamide-induced hematopoietic damnification. The doses of Interleukin-6 in 3 different regimens were hypodermally injected into dogs for 7 days respectively to establish the cyclophosphamide-induced hematopoietic damnification model. The effect of Interleukin-6 on the production of platelets and the amount of other cells in the dogs' bone marrow were determined on the 21st day. The results showed that Interleukin-6 significantly alleviated the reduction of platelet count and recovered the platelets level faster. The impedance effects of Interleukin-6 directed against hematopoietic damnification of bone marrow and spleen were shown by pathological examination. These suggest that the Interleukin-6 can significantly impede cyclophosphamide-induced hematopoietic damnification.
Animals ; Bone Marrow Cells ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Cyclophosphamide ; adverse effects ; Dogs ; Female ; Interleukin-6 ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Leukopenia ; chemically induced ; prevention & control ; Male ; Thrombocytopenia ; chemically induced ; prevention & control

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of situation of misdiagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) on distant metastasis. METHOD: The history of diagnosis and treatment of 85 newly diagnosed cases with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were studied by using itemized questionnaire purposely; 433 patients with different prognosis were analyzed retrospectively for the misdiagnoses and mistreatment, including surgical biopsy in the neck. RESULT: (1) The rate of misdiagnosis of 85 patients was 72.64%, and the percentage decreased as the level of the hospitals increased; the majority of the patients (77.36%) were diagnoses within 1 month after the first symptom had appeared; the number of diseases misdiagnosed was 20, most common of which were lymphnoditis, tuberculosis of lymph node and secretory tympanitis; (2) Our data showed that among 433 patients analysed retrospectively, 60 cases had undergone surgical biopsy in the neck, 75% of whom had never received nasopharyngeal biopsy; 43 cases had underwent nasopharyngeal biopsy after the pathological diagnosis as metastatic carcinoma of neck biopsy (71.67%) and the rest (20.0%) received radiotherapy directly or after negative nasopharyngeal biopsy for merely 1 to 4 times; of those 43 cases who were diagnosed as NPC by nasopharyngeal biopsy, 79.17% got positive results at first sampling. (3) Rate of misdiagnosis and mistreatment including surgical biopsy in the neck of patients who had been tumor-free for 5 years or above was significantly lower than that of those who experienced distant metastasis after or before treatment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Misdiagnosis and mistreatment including biopsy by surgery of neck is common even in high-grade hospitals; it is doctor that is responsible for this situation; the high occurrence rate of misdiagnosis and mistreatment, biopsy by neck surgery, especially the delayed treatment after the neck biopsy are the factors that contribute to distant metastasis of NPC.
Diagnostic Errors ; Humans ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVESTo identify differences in gene expression in renal and visceral adipose tissue in type 2 diabetic rats using cDNA representational difference analysis (RDA) and to explore the molecular pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and its chronic vascular complications.

METHODSA rat model of type 2 diabetes was generated by administration of a high fat and calorie diet combined with a low dose of streptozocin (STZ) injected into the tail vein. The difference bands were generated by cDNA representational difference analysis (cDNA RDA). The final difference products were ligated into the pUC-18 vector and sequenced. A bioformatics analysis was performed on the obtained expressed sequence tags (ESTs), and then the expression levels of known and novel genes were verified by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). At the same time, full-length cDNA of a novel gene was cloned in silico.

RESULTSThe type 2 diabetic rats in this experiment experienced hyperglycemia, lipidemia, lower insulin sensitivity and normal body weight. We obtained 9 novel ESTs and 2 novel genes from renal tissue of rats and 6 novel ESTs and 1 known gene, the rat lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene from their visceral adipose tissue. The 2 novel genes (RS91 and RS2) from the renal tissue were both very similar to serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade F and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 and subunit 5 (EIF-3 epsilon). The expression of both novel genes and the LPL gene were upregulated in renal and visceral adipose tissue of type 2 diabetic and fat-enriched rats. Full-length cDNA of the novel gene RS91 was cloned in silico.

CONCLUSIONS(1) The rat model of type 2 diabetes generated in this study was ideal because the disease in the animals closely mimicked type 2 diabetic patients. (2) cDNA RDA is a flexible, inexpensive, more accurate, sensitive and highly effective technique for identifying differences in gene expression. (3) Six novel ESTs and 1 known gene were obtained from rat visceral adipose tissue. The LPL gene was upregulated in adipose tissue of type 2 diabetic and fat-enriched rats, a result possibly related to the diabetic animals' high fat and calorie diet, lipidemia, insulin resistance (RI) and molecular pathogenesis. (4) Nine novel ESTs and 2 novel genes were obtained from the renal tissue of rat. We believe the 2 novel genes to be the serine proteinase inhibitors clade F and EIF-3 epsilon in rats. The upregulation of the 2 novel genes in renal tissue of type 2 diabetic rats and may have been related to their renal impairment.

Adipose Tissue ; metabolism ; Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; metabolism ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Kidney ; metabolism ; Male ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Plasmids ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Viscera

OBJECTIVESTo obtain prokaryotic expressed IA-2 recombinant protein and to identify its immunological activity.

METHODSThe complimentary DNA (cDNA) coding for the intracytoplasmic part of IA-2 (IA-2ic) was amplified from human fetal brain RNA, and was subcloned into the PinPoint Xa-1 T vector to construct recombinant expression plasmid, and was then expressed in E. coli JM109 cells as a fusion protein with a biotinylated peptide sequence at the aminoterminus. The biotinylated fusion protein was then purified by affinity chromatography and was subsequently dialyzed. Finally, its immunogenicity was evaluated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTSThe purified IA-2ic fusion protein resolved on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) as a single Coomassie brilliant blue stained band with a molecular weight of 59 kDa and its immunogenicity was confirmed by ELISA.

CONCLUSIONSE. coli expressed IA-2ic fusion protein has immunological activity. It can be used for detection of IA-2 autoantibodies (IA-2A) and for further studies on type 1 diabetes in future.

Animals ; Autoantigens ; biosynthesis ; DNA, Complementary ; analysis ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; immunology ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Plasmids ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Rabbits ; Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 8 ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; biosynthesis ; immunology ; isolation & purification