Objective To study the neurotoxicity of lead to mice and the mechanism. Methods Two months old(grown) and two weeks old(infancy) mice were employed, 1 ?l of 1 mol/L lead acetate was given by brain ventricle injection, 3 d, 5 d, 1 week, 2 weeks and 3 weeks after treatment with lead, the change of autonomic activities and the ability of study and memory of the mice were examined. Results The latency period of Lashley Ⅲ water maze prolonged significantly in grown group and the infancy group compared with the control groups at every time point of test. Conclusion Lead exposure can damage the function of study and memory of mice, and increase the frequency of autonomic activities of theirs.

Objective To explore the mechanism of the influence on mice brain of environmental tobacco smoke. Methods After the mice were placed into the bench for 8 weeks, the region of the mice brain was localized and the expression of neurotransmitters and neurotransmitters receptors were detected by immunohistochernistry.Results ( 1 ) The expression of GABA in the mice cerebral cortex ( CC ) ( 0. 25 ± 0. 06 ) and the hippocampus (Hip) (0. 19 ± 0. 07 ) were much higher in the ETS-exposed group than that in the control group(P＜ 0. 05 ). (2)The expression of nAChR on CC(0. 31 ±0. 10) was much more in the ETS-exposed group than that in control group(P＜0.05). (3) The expression of NMDAR( Glu receptors) on the CC and striate cortex were much higher in the ETS-exposed group(0.32 ±0. 10,0.38 ±0. 14), NIC-inhaling group(0.31 ±0. 08,0.31 ± 0. 11 ) than that in control group(P＜0. 05 ). Conclusions Long-term ETS-exposed and NiC-exposed environment could change the expression of neurotransmitter and its receptors.

AIM: To investigate the mechanism by which TA9902 inhibits the formation of amyloid ?-peptide (A?) fibrils. METHODS: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to study the secondary structure changes on aging A? in vitro. RESULTS: The content of ?-pleated sheet were 46.53% in the condition of A? aged alone for 30 min. When A? aged alone for 72 h, the content of ?-pleated sheet increased about 19.4% and produced a shift of random coil toward ?-pleated sheet. TA9902 induced a significant decrease in the content of ?-pleated sheet (36.09%). CONCLUSION: TA9902 effectively diminishes the ?-pleated structural content. The effect of TA9902 on the secondary structure of aged A? is associated with inhibition of A? aggregation and fibril formation.

BACKGROUND:The conservative treatment of humeral fracture is difficult to achieve a good reduction. Minimaly invasive percutaneous plate fixation has been widely used, and has good repair results, but the specific mechanism of action is not clear.
OBJECTIVE:To compare the repair effect of different fixation methods on proximal humerus fractures.
METHODS: From August 2011 to October 2014, we selected 96 patients with proximal humerus fractures from the Shougang Hospital of Peking University. These patients were equaly divided into two groups according to the principle of random draw. Patients in the control group were treated with open reduction and conventional surgery fixation. Patients in the treatment group received minimaly invasive percutaneous plate fixation. Operation time, intraoperative blood loss, incision length and postoperative hospital stay were recorded in both groups. At 8 weeks after treatment, patients received radiography to identify the reduction. Range of motion of the shoulder joint was scored. Within 8 weeks after treatment, the occurrence of complications was observed and compared in both groups.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Intraoperative blood loss, incision length and postoperative hospital stay were significantly less in the treatment group than in the control group (P < 0.05). No significant difference in operation time was found between the two groups (P > 0.05). At 8 weeks after treatment, the excelent and good rate of reduction was significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group (98%, 81%,P < 0.05). Flexion, abduction, external rotation and internal rotation scores were significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Bone compartment syndrome, vascular injury, infection and bleeding were significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group (P < 0.05). These findings confirm that compared with open reduction and internal fixation, minimaly invasive percutaneous plate fixation of proximal humerus fractures has less impact on the body, can promote reduction of the fracture, has few complications, and contributes to the recovery of shoulder function.

Objective To evaluate CT and MRI findings of portal vein aneurysm(PVA)in order to improve its diagnostic accuracy.Methods CT and MRI findings of 9 patients with PVA proved by pathology and direct angiography were reviewed retrospectively.CT scanning was performed in 7 patients,including plain scan (n=2),both plain and enhanced scan (n=5),CT angiography (CTA)(n=3).Plain and enhanced MRI scan were performed in 3 patients.Results (1 )PVA showed a high predilection for old adults.(2 )Of the 9 tumors,4 located in portal vein trunk,2 located in junction of superior mesenteric vein and portal vein trunk,1 located in intrahepat-ic-extrahepatic portal vein,2 located in intra-hepatic portal vein.(3)8 tumors were characterized as well-defined and quasi-circular mass.1 patient occurred portal hypertension,thrombus as the portal vein trunk was oppressed by the tumor.(4)Plain CT showed the mass was slightly higher than pancreas parenchyma density,and uniform with the density of the liver parenchyma.Enhancement scanning showed 4 tumors represented mild or moderate enhancement in portal venous phase except for 1 patient accompany with portal vein thrombus.CTA showed clearly the relationship mass with portal vein,and classified the type of PVA .The 3 lesions represented hypo-intensity on T1 WI and even hyper-intensity on T2 WI.Enhancement scanning showed the tumor was significantly enhancement in portal venous phase on T1 WI.Conclusion CT and MRI have their own advantages in the diagnosis of portal vein aneurysm.Com-bination of CT and MRI could improve the diagnostic accuracy of portal vein aneurysm.

Most researchers consider that high exposure to heavy metals can result in hemorrhagic gastritis,hepatonecrosis,cancer,even death.There are many routes for heavy metals to get into human body,for instance absorption by gastrointestinal tract,cutaneous absorption etc.In this paper,the author reviewed the recent researches on brain function damage induced by heavy metals via olfactory pathway.Some heavy metals have especial affinity with brain tissue and cause functional disorder and death of nerve cells,and the mechanisms were discussed in detail.

Objective To evaluate the clinical applied value of spiral CT during arterial portography(SCTAP)in evaluating the surgical resectabitity of the hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Methods 23 patients with focal hepatic lesions (including HCC 21 cases) were examed with SCTAP,convenient CT and DSA.The difference and the sensitivity in detecting the number of lesions by these three examied methods were comparatively analysed.Results SCTAP had significant difference in comparision with convenient CT and DSA (?0.05) when the lesions were more than 30.0 mm in diameter.21 cases of HCC hepatic metastatic lesions were not found by SCTAP in 9 cases,they chosen the surgical treatment,and 12 cases underwent the interventional trans-catheter artenial chamical embolism(TACE),because of hepatic metastasis showed by SCTAP.Conclusion SCTAP is of high sensitivity in showing small hepatocellular carcinoma and small liver metastatic lesion in comparision with convenient CT and DSA,and it is of great clinical applied value in judging the patients with HCC whether can be or not be treated by surgery.

Objective To investigate the effect of vanillin via olfactory pathway on repetitive stereotyped behavior in autistic rats and its possible mechanism.Methods The model of autism was established by the single intraperitoneal injection of 600 mg/kg sodium valproate on day 12.5 of pregnant rats.Twenty-four autism animals were adopted according to the eye opening time,body mass and behavioral test.They were randomly divided into control group and vanillin group with 12 in each group,while the saline group rats as normal control group and the blank group rats as normal blank group.The repetitive stereotyped behavioral were examined in four groups of rats and the concentration of 5-HT in the amygdala was determined by immunohistochemical stainning.Results Compared with the control group,the repetitive stereotyped behaviors of vanillin group decreased (stereotype time (113.31 ± 18.45) s vs (250.52± 13.25) s,P＜0.01) and the expression of 5-HT in amygdala increased (5-HT positive neuron number(3.42± 1.32) vs (1.32± 1.04),P＜0.05).Conclusions Vanillin via olfactory pathway can improve repetitive stereotyped behaviors of autism rats,which is associated with increased the expression of 5-HT in amygdala.

Objective To evaluate the relieving effects of vanillin sinffing on depression-like behaviors in depressed rats and to explore the possible underlying mechanism.Methods Depression animal model established by chronic unpredictable medium intensity stress combined with isolation and destroy the olfactory bulb.The depressed rats were divided randomly into vanillin inhalation group,fluoxetine hydrochloride group,depression model group,olfactory bulbectomy with the vanillin inhalation treatment group and sham-operated group.Nervous behavioral changes had been observed at different time after the administration of 5 weeks.The concentration of brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) in the brain homogenate and the positive expression of BDNF in hippocampus had been also measured.Results Two weeks after the intervention,the immobility time of vanillin group((12.78 ±7.50) s) was lower than that of the model group((57.33±32.16) s) (P＜0.05).The consumption of saccharose in vanillin group((52.88±25.18)g) was higher than that of model group((37.40±19.33) g) (P＜0.05).BDNF of the brain homogenate in vanillin group (0.54±0.13) was significantly increased compared with model group (0.36± 0.06) (P＜0.01).When compared with the OBX group (0.40±0.06),similar result was obtained.Immunohistochemistry and the average density of image analysis revealed that the expression of BNDF of hippocampal CA3 in vanillin group (0.40±0.03)was significantly increased compared with model group (0.25±0.04) and OBX group (0.28±0.03) (P＜0.01).Conclusion Vanillin inhalation significantly relieves depression-like behaviors in depression rats.The possible mechanism may increase hippocampal neurogenesis by raising brain derived neurotrophic factor in brain.

Aim To investigate the protective effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide(PACAP)on focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats.Methods The models of focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rats were established with suture-occluded method to simulate the middle cerebral artery ischemia reperfusion injury in clinic.The treatment groups were given three different dose PACAP(PACAP 10-11 mol,PACAP 10-10 mol and PACAP 10-9 mol) in 15 minutes before cerebral ischemia.PACAPs were infused into lateral cerebral ventricle by microinjector.The water content of brain,the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD),the content of malondialdehyde(MDA) and the content of nitrogen monoxidum(NO) of the brain tissue were determined.Results Compared with NS group,the water content of brain and the concentration of MDA and NO were obviously lower in each PACAP treatment group,while the activity of SOD was elevated to different degrees.Conclusion PACAP has an obvious protective effect on ischemia-reperfusion injury of focal brain tissue in rats,in which edema-alleviating,free radicals-scavenging and lipid peroxidation-attenuating could be involved.The protective effect seems to be more clear in middle-and high-dose group than in low-dose group.