Objective:To study the identification method and extract of Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis.Methods:The identification of Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis was carried out by TLC and the extract was determined by 65% alcohol.Results:The relevant spots on TLC plates were clear,and it was feasible to determine the extract of Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis with 65% alcohol.Conclusion:Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis can be identificated by 3-epibetulinic acid and ?-sitosterol as reference substance,there were differents on quantity of the extract of Nodus Nelumbinis Rhizomatis,which bought from different districts.

Objective To determine the contents of fluoride and tea polyphenols in brick-tea and to understand the utilization ratio of qualified brick-tea in fluorosis regions in Inner Mongolia.Methods The investigation was carried out in Chenbaerhuqi Country and Eweukeqi Country.Seventy-two households of four villages in Chenbaerhuqi and 11 households of three villages in Ewenkeqi were selected as study subjects.The brick-tea in each household was sampled.The contents of fluoride and tea polyphenols were determined by using fluoride selective electrode method and Forint-Ciocalteu oxidation method,respectively.T test and linear correlation were used to analyze the data.Results The fluoride content in qualified brick tea ranged from 114.82 mg/kg to 290.23 mg/kg with an average value of 171.78 mg/kg,while tea polyphenols content was between 56.15 g/kg and 132.18 g/kg with an average value of 95.44 g/kg.In unqualified brick-tea,the average fluoride content was 459.86 mg/kg with the range from 304.71 mg/kg to 660.76 mg/kg and the average of tea polyphenols was 67.48 g/kg with the range from 36.03 g/kg to 102.15 g/kg.The content of tea polyphenols of qualified brick tea was significantly higher than that of unqualified brick tea (P ＜ 0.05).The content of tea polyphenols was negatively correlated with fluoride content(r =-0.636,P ＜ 0.05).The content of tea polyphenols was 396 times more than that of fluoride in brick tea.The utilization ratio of qualified brick-tea in the investigation areas was 53.0％(44/83).Conclusion The fluoride content in qualified brick-tea was less than unqualified brick-tea,and the tea polyphenols of qualified brick-tea was higher than the unqualified brick-tea.The utilization rate of qualified brick tea is not high and further actions are needed to be taken to supply more qualified brick-tea for controlling of drinking brick-tea type fluorosis.

Objective To study the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor κB (NF-кB) and Caspase-3 and the change of neuron apoptosis of the hippocampus in the status convulsion rat , and to explore the effect of resveratrol on them.Methods A total of 106 male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into the control (A), convulsion (B) and resveratrol treatment (C) groups.Group B was further randomly divided into four subset groups (B1-B4) which were executed at 4h, 24h, 48h, 72h after convulsion discontinued .Continuous epilepticus was induced by injecting lithium chloride and pilocarpine , and group C was daily injected with 30mg/kg resveratrol 30minutes after convulsion stopped for 3 days.TLR4 and NF-κB/p65 proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry ( IHC ); the expressions of TLR4 and Caspase-3 mRNA were detected by RT-PCR.The neuron apoptosis was observed by TUNEL . Results The IHC staining of TLR4 protein in group B was significantly higher than in group A (P<0.05), and that in group C was much lower than in B 4 group ( P<0.01 ) .The expression of NF-кB/p65 showed that hippocampal neurons had positive expression in cell nuclei in group B compared with group A (P<0.05), and the expression of NF-кB/p65 protein in group C was much lower than that in group B 4 (P<0.01).The mRNA expressions of TLR4 and Caspase-3 in the rat hippocampus of group B were significantly elevated than that in group A ( P <0.05 ) , and the tendency was increased gradually , reaching the peak at 72 hours after seizure , and that in group C was much lower than that in B 4 group (P<0.01).The TUNEL positive cells in hippocampus CAl of B group were more than that of group A after the SC 24hours (P<0.01),reached the highest level at the 72nd hour, and that in group C the TUNEL positive cells were lower than that in B4 group (P<0.01).Conclusion The expression of TLR4, NF-кB and Caspase-3 increased after SC.Resveratrol can down regulate the expression of TLR4, NF-кB and Caspase-3 in the hippocampus with pilocarpine-induced seizures, reduced the number of neuronal apoptosis .These results suggest that resveratrol may have a protective effect against the hippocampus damage caused by status convulsion .

Objective To review and summarize the latest development of the therapy for the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Methods The recently-published articles related to the therapies for DMD were extensively reviewed and briefly summarized. Results The therapeutic approaches for DMD included the gene therapy, the cell therapy, and the pharmacological therapy.The gene therapy and the cell therapy were focused on the treatment for the cause of DMD by the delivery of the missing gene, the modification of the mutated gene, and the transfer of the normal cells including the stem cells, while the pharmacological therapy dealt with the downstream events caused by the dystrophin gene defect, slowed down the pathologic progress of DMD, and improved the DMD patient's life quality and life span, by medication and other factor treatments. Conclusion There is still no cure for DMD because of various difficulties in replacing or repairing the defected gene and of the multifaceted nature of the severe symptoms. Therefore, it is imperative for us to find out a more effective treatment that can solve these problems.

Objective To investigate the implementation effects of control measures and the dynamic prevalence of drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis,in order to provide a scientific basis for developing control measures against the disease.Methods According to the Surveillance Scheme of Drinking-Water-Borne Endemic Fluorosis,137 counties were selected as monitoring counties in national 27 provinces (autonomous regions,municipalities) and Xin Jiang Production and Construction Corps.Three epidemic villages were selected as fixed monitoring villages in each county.The operating condition and the fluoride level of water improvement projects were investigated in the villages with water improvement projects.The fluoride level of drinking water was tested in the villages without water improvement projects.The fluoride content in drinking water was detected by the Standard Test Method for Drinking Water (GB/T 5750.5-2006).The preyalence of dental fluorosis of all children aged 8-12 were surveyed,and dental fluorosis was diagnosed by Clinical Diagnostic Criteria of Dental Fluorosis (WS/T 208-2011).Results ①427 villages were surveyed in 2012,among which the villages with water improvement projects accounted for 75.88％ (324/427).② 299 water improvement projects were investigated.Normal operation rates of those were 89.30％ (267/299).The qualified rate of fluoride content was 75.78％ (219/289).Totally 103 villages without water improvement projects were monitored.Villages with fluoride level ＞ 1.2-2.0 mg/L,＞ 2.0-4.0 mg/L and ＞ 4.0 mg/L accounted for 48.54％ (50/103),29.13％ (30/103) and 9.71％ (10/103),respectively.(③The national detection rate of dental fluorosis and community fluorosis index (CFI) in children aged 8-12 were 31.24％ (8 677/27 773) and 0.66.The detection rate and CFI of the villages with normal operation projects and the qualified fluoride content were 24.04％ (3 999/16 634) and 0.51.The detection rate and CFI of the villages with water improvement projects under abnormal operation or excessive fluoride were 40.77％ (1 654/4 057) and 0.91.The rate and CFI of the villages without water improvement projects were 42.70％ (3 024/7 082) and 0.86.Conclusions The rate of water improvement projects of the whole country is lower.The national normal operation rate of water defluoridation improvement projects is below 90％,and the qualified rate of fluoride content in drinking water is below 80％.The prevalence of dental fluorosis in children aged 8-12 is very mild.

To explore the role of β-endorphin (β-EP) in the pathogenesis of the acute encephaledema, the levels of β-EP in both of plasma and CSF were determined by radioimmunoassay in 69 children with infection of central nervous system consisting of 39 cases with encephaledema and 30 cases without encephaledema, respectively. Another 19 cases without intracranial infection were as the control group. The results showed that the levels of plasma and CSF β-EP in the encephaledema group (50.74 ng/L±26.60ng/L，62.72ng/L±39.23ng/L) were significantly higher than those in without encephaledema group (32.78 ng/L±21.2ng/L，34.13ng/L±30.26ng/L)and the normal group (14.83ng/L±6.55ng/L，9.77ng/L±6.33ng/L)，respectively (P＜0.01).It is concluded that β-EP plays an important role in the occurrence and development of encephaledema in children with the infection of central nervous system.

Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic values of serum fibrinogen and D-dimer for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI).Methods:The medical records were retrospectively analyzed of the 175 patients who had undergone hip or knee revisions at Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital to Qingdao University from August 2013 to June 2019. Of them, 59 were diagnosed as PJI (31 knees and 28 hips), including 33 males and 26 females with an age of (67.4±11.7) years and a body mass index (BMI) of (26.1±3.6) kg/m 2 while 116 as aseptic loosening (AL) (19 knees and 97 hips), including 67 males and 49 females with an age of (70.3±8.9) years and a BMI of (25.0±3.6) kg/m 2. The plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), fibrinogen and D-dimer in the 2 groups were recorded and analyzed. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of each indicator; the diagnostic value for each indicator was calculated according to the area under the curve (AUC). Results:There was no significant difference between the PJI and AL groups in gender, age or BMI ( P>0.05), but there was a significant difference in the joint type ( P<0.05). Compared with the AL group, the PJI group had significantly higher levels of CRP, ESR, fibrinogen and D-dimer ( P<0.05). The AUCs for CRP, ESR, fibrinogen and D-dimer were 0.830, 0.850, 0.848 and 0.664, respectively. By the Youden index, the optimal predictive cutoffs for CRP, ESR, fibrinogen and D-dimer were 8.06 mg/L, 17.60 mm/h, 3.73 g/L and 685.00 ng/mL, giving sensitivities of 79.2%, 85.4%, 81.3% and 64.6% and specificities of 85.7%, 76.2%, 79.8% and 61.9%. Conclusions:The diagnostic value of serum fibrinogen may be high for PJI, similar to that of CRP or ESR. However, D-dimer may be of limited value for diagnosis of PJI.

Objective:To evaluate the curative effect of 3D printing titanium trabecular metal （TTM） acetabular cups in revision of total hip arthroplasty （THA）.Methods:A retrospective case series study was conducted on the clinical data of 24 patients （25 hips） undergoing THA revision in Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from May 2016 to September 2019. There were 10 males and 14 females，aged 43-78 years ［（63.0 ± 11.4） years］. According to Paprosky classification，5 patients（5 hips） were classified as type Ⅰ，9 patients （10 hips） as type ⅡA，5 patients （5 hips） as type ⅡB，1 patient （1 hip） as type ⅡC and 4 patients （4 hips） as type ⅢC. All patients used 3D printing TTM cups. Seven patients （7 hips） were combined with 3D printing TTM pads，and 3 patients （3 hips） were combined with structural bone grafts. The visual analogue scale （VAS），Harris score and quality of life Health Survey Scale （SF-36） score were evaluated before operation，3 months after operation，12 months after operation and at the last follow-up. The X-ray film of hip joint was performed to evaluate the upward movement distance of hip center of rotation （HCOR），limb-length discrepancy （LLD） before operation，1 day after operation and at the last follow-up. The position of cups and bone ingrowth were evaluated at the last follow-up. The postoperative complications were observed.Results:All patients were followed up for 14-54 months ［（34.2 ± 9.3）months］. The VAS was （4.0 ± 0.7）points，（2.3 ± 0.8）points and （0.9 ± 0.2）points at postoperative 3 months，12 months and the last follow-up，significantly lower than that preoperatively ［（6.1 ± 1.0）points］ （ P < 0.05）. A statistically significant difference was found in the pairwise comparisons of postoperative VAS at postoperative 3 months，12 months and the last follow-up（ P < 0.05）. The Harris score was （64.6 ± 5.3）points，（80.5 ± 3.7）points，and （90.3 ± 3.6）points at postoperative 3 months，12 months and the last follow-up，significantly higher than that preoperatively ［（38.8 ± 6.2）points］ （ P < 0.05）. A statistically significant difference was found in the pairwise comparisons of postoperative Harris score at postoperative 3 months，12 months and the last follow-up（ P < 0.05）. The SF-36 score was （556.3 ± 21.9）points，（711.6 ± 15.9）points and （752.8 ± 23.0）points at postoperative 3 months，12 months and the last follow-up，significantly higher than that preoperatively ［（326.3 ± 30.7）points］ （ P < 0.05）. A statistically significant difference was found in the pairwise comparisons of postoperative SF-36 score at postoperative 3 months，12 months and the last follow-up（ P < 0.05）. The upward movement distance of HCOR was （13.5 ± 2.6）mm and （13.6 ± 2.6）mm on the first day after operation and at the last follow-up，significantly lower than that preoperatively ［（34.1 ± 3.5）mm］ （ P < 0.05）. The LLD was （6.2 ± 1.8）mm and （5.3 ± 1.5）mm on the first day after operation and at the last follow-up，significantly lower than that preoperatively ［（31.6 ± 5.2）mm］ （ P < 0.05）. All the cups were stable. Good bone ingrowth was found in 23 hips. There was no postoperative complication except for one patient with poor wound healing. Conclusion:For THA revision，the use of 3D printing TTM cups can effectively relieve pain，improve hip function，provide satisfactory biological fixation and and reduce complications.

Objective:To investigate the therapeutic effects of internal fixation via the posterolateral combined posteromedial approach in the treatment of posterior pilon fracture (Klammer type Ⅲ).Methods:A retrospective study was performed to analyze the 69 posterior pilon fractures (Klammer type Ⅲ) which had been treated by internal fixation with hollow screws or a buttress plate at Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, Yantai Shan Hospital from January 2015 to January 2020. There were 36 males and 33 females with an age of (45.3±10.0) years and duration from injury to surgery of (6.0±1.5) d. They were assigned into 2 groups according to different surgical approaches. The observation group (41 cases) was treated through the posterolateral combined posteromedial approach while the control group (28 cases) through the posterolateral approach alone. The therapeutic effects were evaluated by comparing the 2 groups in terms of incision length, intraoperative bleeding, operation time, fracture union time, fracture reduction (evaluated by the Burrwell-Charnley radiological score), the ankle-hindfoot score of American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) and complications.Results:There was no significant difference in the preoperative general data between the 2 groups, showing comparability ( P>0.05). All the 69 cases were followed up for (16.9±4.0) months, revealing primary healing of all the incisions and no vascular injury or wound infection. The incision length [(11.2±1.8) cm] and operation time [(76.0±6.6) min] in the observation group were significantly shorter than those in the control group [(12.4±1.9) cm and (79.7±6.8) min], the excellent and good rate of reduction in the observation group (97.6%, 40/41) was significantly higher than that in the control group (89.3%, 25/28), and the ankle-hindfoot scores of AOFAS at 1, 3 and 12 months after operation in the observation group [(78.4±5.6), (79.5±2.8) and (86.9±2.1)] were significantly higher than those in the control group [(75.2±5.5), (78.0±3.2) and (85.8±2.3)] (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the intraoperative bleeding between the 2 groups ( P>0.05). In the control group, 2 patients developed numbness in the dorsum of foot, which gradually disappeared after 3 months of treatment, but no other complications like persistent pain or flexor contracture within 1 year after operation. Conclusion:In the treatment of Klammer type Ⅲ posterior pilon fracture, the posterolateral combined posteromedial approach can result in satisfactory therapeutic effects, because the surgical approach can fully expose the fracture and facilitate better reduction.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship of mitochondrial DNA mutations with inherited deafness in a maternally inherited pedigree with non-syndromic deafness.

METHODSThe diagnosis was validated by hearing tests. Blood samples were collected from 18 maternal members of the family and 53 controls including 6 paternal members, 7 spouses and 40 unrelated individuals. DNA was extracted from the leukocytes in blood samples. The gene fragments of mitochondrial DNA 12S rRNA, tRNA(Ser(UCN)) and GJB2 gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR). PCR products were analyzed by sequencing. Computerized 12S rRNA secondary structure modeling was carried out to characterize the mutation found in the family.

RESULTSA novel mitochondrial DNA 12S rRNA 709 G to A transition was detected from all maternal members including 8 patients with hearing loss and other 10 symptom-free maternal members. Non-maternal members and other controls did not carry this mutation. In addition, the tRNA(Ser(UCN))A7445G, 12S rRNA A1555G and GJB2 gene mutations were not observed in the study. Computerized modeling showed that this mutation changed the eighth and ninth loop-stem structure of the 12S rRNA secondary structure.

CONCLUSIONIn this family, 8 deaf patients carried the mitochondrial DNA 12S rRNA 709 G to A mutation, which is highly conservative in healthy adults. It was confirmed that the mitochondrial DNA 12S rRNA gene G709A was associated with non-syndromic inherited hearing loss. The other 10 maternal members carried the mutation, but they did not suffer from deafness, which might suggest that the G709A mutation may cause hearing impairment in combination with a synergistic effect of some other nuclear modifier genes.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Base Sequence ; Child ; Connexins ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; chemistry ; genetics ; Deafness ; congenital ; genetics ; Female ; Genomic Imprinting ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Pedigree ; Point Mutation ; RNA, Ribosomal ; chemistry ; genetics ; Young Adult