Objective: This research mainly concerns the relationship between the behavior preference in network game and internet addiction for players. Methods: This study surveyed 324 players with Behavior Preference in Network Game Questionnaire(BPNGQ) and Internet Addiction Questionnaire(IAQ). Results: There was significant difference in playtime and years of internet for achievement and killer. All scores in factors of BPNGQ were significantly correlated with IAQ. All scores in these factors excluding attitude and emotion of aggression were significantly higher for addictive players. All scores in internet addiction of four typing players excluding achievement and killer were significantly different. Conclusion: Scores of BPNGQ for players could forecast internet addiction. Players of different types display various addiction in network game. Too many behaviors of aggression in games lead to internet addiction for players.

Objective To compare the effects of combined general-epidural anesthesia (CGEA) and general anesthesia (GA) on energy metabolism and oxygen cost of breathing.Methods Forty patients (25 male, 15 female) aged 42-61 yr weighing 42-75 kg scheduled for elective upper abdominal surgery were randomly divided into 2 groups : group CGEA (Ⅰ, n = 20) and group GA (Ⅱ, n = 20) . The patients were premedicated with midazolam 0.05 mg?kg-1 and scopolamine 0.3 mg i.m. . In groupⅠepidural catheter was placed at T9-10 A. test dose of 4ml of 2 % lidocaine was given. When the height of block was confirmed general anesthesia was started. In both groups anesthesia was induced with etomidate 0.3 mg?kg-1 , fentanyl 8 ?g?kg-1 and tracheal intubation was facilitated with atracurium 0.8 mg?kg-1 . Anesthesia was maintained with propofol in both group and intermittent epidural lidocaine in CGEA group and intermittent i. v. boluses of fentanyl in GA group. Muscle relaxation was maintained with atracurium infusion at 8 ?g?kg-1 ? min-1 during operation. Oxygen consumption ( VO2 ), CO2 production (VCO2 ) , energy expenditure ( EE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured before anesthesia, during and after operation using indirect calorimetry (Datex, Deltatrac MBM-200) . Postoperative oxygen cost of breathing (OCB) was calculated during spontaneous breathing and controlled ventilation. Results VO2 , VCO2 , EE were significantly lower and RQ was significantly higher during operation than those before anesthesia in both groups (P

Currently,the environment for establishing anesthesiologic undergraduate education no longer exists,and the side-effects of its narrow professional content are more and more apparent,so canceling undergraduate education of anesthesiology is becoming imperative.The education of anesthesia must be reformed.However,the direction of reform is not clear.Anesthesia long-term system education and Anesthesia and preoperative medical education are two optical reform directions with its own advantages and disadvantages.Comparing these two directions,the Anesthesia and preoperative medical education seems to be the better one.

Objective To investigate the effects of folic acid on apoptosis of neural cells after focal cerebral ischemia injury in rats and the mechanisms.Method Thirty two adult male Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were randomly divided into sham operation group(SO),middle cerebral artery occlusion group(MCAO),MCAO+ low dose folic acid group(MCAO+FA-L) and MCAO+ high dose folic acid group(MCAO+FA-H).The model of middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) was set up by using intraluminal filament method.The rats were sacrificed at D7 day after cerebral ischemia.The apoptotic rate of neural cells was examined by TUNEL test,and the expression of pERK1/2 protein was detected by Western blotting method,The MDA content and serum SOD and GSH-Px activities in rats were measured before and 28d after folic acid treatment and 7th day after ischemia.Results Compared with ischemia group,the apoptotic rate of neural cells and MDA content in both folic acid supplemented groups were decreased significantly(P

OBJECTIVE:To study the mechanism of improvement effects of exenatide on mitochondrial function of H9c2 cells under hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) condition. METHODS:H9c2 cells were cultured in vitro and were divided into blank control group,drug control group(exenatide 200 nmol/L),model group(H/R),pretreatment group(exenatide 200 nmol/L+H/R),gluca-gon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) inhibitor [Exendin-(9-39) 100 nmol/L+exenatide 200 nmol/L+H/R], cAMP inhibitor (Rp-cAMPS 1 μmol/L+exenatide 200 nmol/L+H/R)group and PKA inhibitor(H-895 μmol/L+exenatide 200 nmol/L+H/R)group. Except for first 2 groups,H/R model was established in other groups,and they were given exenatide 30 min before modeling and relevant inhibitor 10 min before giving exenatide. Morphology of mitochondria was observed by TEM,and mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+m)and the mitochondrial membrane potential(ΔΨm)were determined by flow cytometry. Cellular ATP content was measured by microplate reader. RESULTS:Compared with blank control group, mitochondrial cristae swelling was enhanced in model group,while density decreased,showing vacuolization;Ca2+m level increased while ΔΨm and ATP decreased (P<0.05). Com-pared with model group,mitochondrial cristae swelling relieved in pretreatment group,while density increased,showing vacuoliza-tion relieved;Ca2+m level decreased,while ΔΨm and ATP increased(P<0.05). Compared with pretreatment group,the levels of Ca2+m increased in 3 kinds of inhibitors group,while ΔΨm and ATP decreased(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Exenatide attenuates H9c2 cell mitochondria Ca2+m accumulation,increases ΔΨm and ATP production. Which indicate its mechanism may be associated with activating GLP-1R/cAMP/PKA pathway.

Dynamic fluorescence molecular imaging is a kind of technique that can capture the dynamic physiology and pathology process in vivo by imaging the whole progress of absorption,distribution and elimination of fluorescence molecular probes in small animals.It has the advantages of non-ionizing radiation,fast imaging,high sensitivity and specificity,low cost,and has broad application prospects in basic and clinic medical research.This paper reviews the research progress in dynamic fluorescence molecular imaging from three aspects including system,algorithm and application.

Objective To analyze the usual death causes of cardiovascular disease and the differences in gender and age .Methods By adopting the retrospective study method ,the clinical data of death cases in cardiovascular disease were collected and analyze on the situation suffering from cardiovascular disease ,direct death causes ,gender and age difference .Results (1) among 181 cases of cardiovascular disease death ,coronary heart disease(115/181 ,64% ) and hypertension(96/181 ,53% ) were the most common dis-ease ,lung infection(104/181 ,57% ) was the most common complication ;(2)There was no significant difference in the situation suf-fering from basic diseases between male and female(P>0 .05);(3)The basic diseases in cardiovascular death cases aged over 60 years old were dominated by coronary heart disease and hypertension ;the proportion of complicating pulmonary infection was grad-ually increased with age increase ;(4) in the direct death causes ,the top 3 places were sudden cardiac death (44/181 ,24 .3% ) ,multi-ple organ dysfunction syndrome(24/181 ,13 .3% ) and cardiogenic shock(24/181 ,13 .3% ) .Conclusion Strengthening the manage-ment of diagnosis and treatment on elderly patients with coronary heart disease ,hypertension ,especially those complicating diabe-tes ,strengthening the treatment intervention of lung infection in cardiovascular disease population and conducting the emphasis pro-tection on the target organ function may reduce the mortality of cardiovascular inpatients .

Objective To study the efficacy of transcutaneous prostaglandin E 1( PGE 1) cream in relaxing the vascular spasm in rabbits, to find an ideal vascular dilation drug. Methods Sixty rabbits were randomly divided into six groups:experiment group 1(using 0.1% transcutaneous PGE 1 cream),experiment group 2(using 0.2% transcutaneous PGE 1 cream),experiment group 3(using 0.4% transcutaneous PGE 1 cream), experiment group 4( using 0.8% transcutaneous PGE 1 cream),PGE 1 control group (without using transcutaneous PGE 1 cream, but using PGE 1 cream only),control group(withous using PGE 1). 0.1% adrenlin was injected to the root of the rabbite ear to induce a model of vascular spasm. After a typical vascular spasm appeared,transcutaneou PGE 1 cream or PGE 1 cream was used on the skin of the ear. The vascular diameter and blood folw rate of the ear were determined before adrenalin injection, 10min after vascular spasm and 10,15,30,60,90 and 120 min after the drugs were used. Results The vascular diameters and blood flow rate were recovered to the levels of before adrenalin injection in experimental group 3, 4 after topical used of transcutaneous PGE 1 cream, and those parameters were significamly increased compared with other 4 groups(P0.05). Conclusions Tramscutameou PGE 1 cream can effectively relax the vascular spasm caused be adrenalin injection.The effect of vascular dilation is related to the dosage of the drug. Transcutaneous PGE 1 cream as a topical vascular dilation drug has advantages snch as wide indications,taking effect quick and enduring, and less side effect. So it might be a new simple, safe and effective drug for the treatment of vascular spasm.

BACKGROUND: Lidocaine is deemed to can attenuate the inflammatory response, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a key process of imflammatory response. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of lidocaine on activation and apoptosis of NF-κB in human neutrophiis in vitro. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The controlled experiment was conducted at the Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology from October 2006 to February 2007. MATERIALS: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (0127:B8) was purchased from Sigma, USA. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from healthy donors after their informed consent. METHODS: Human neutrephilic granulocytes were assigned into five groups: ① saline control, ② TNF-α, ③ TNF-α+ lidocaine 1.0 mmol/L, ④ TNF-α+ lidocaine 2.0 mmol/L, and ⑤ TNF-α+ lidocaine 4.0 mmol/L groups. Incubation wasperformed for 3 hours.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The effects of lidocaine on expression of NF- κB mRNA and I- κB mRNA in the cytosol extracts were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and content of p65 protein were analyzed by Western blot. Neutrophilic granulocyte apoptosis was detected on flow cytomatry after incubation 12 hours and 24 hours.RESULTS: The expression of NF- κB mRNA in the nuclear extracts was significantly decreased and I- κB mRNA in the cytosoI extracts was markedly increased in the lidocaine group. The expression of NF- κB was significantly better in the 2.0 mmol/L and 4.0 mmol/L lidocaine groups than in the 1.0 mmol/L lidocaine group (P< 0.05). No significant difference was detected between the 2.0 mmol/L lidocaine group and the 4.0 mmol/L lidocaine group (P0.05). Lidocaine could significantly inhibit peripheral blood neutrophilic granulocyte apoptosis induced by TNF-α (p < 0.05). The inhibitory effect was significantly better in the 4.0 mmol/L lidocaine group than in the 1.0 mmol/L lidocaine group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Lidocaine (1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mmol/L) can down-regulate the expressions of NF- κB subunit p65 mRNA and the content of p65 protein in human polymorphoneclear neutrophils, and can significant reverse the reduction of apoptosis induced by TNF-α.

ObjectiveTo introduce the indications and operative procedure of anatomic reconstruction of the distal radioulnar ligaments in patients with chronic instability of the distal radioulnar joint(DRUJ),and report its preliminary clinical results.Methods From October 2008 to June 2009,6 patients with instability of the DRUJ underwent anatomical reconstruction using a free palmaris longus tendon graft,including 4 males and 2 females with an average age of 22 years.A 5 cm dorsal incision was made between the fifth and sixth extensor compartments.An L-shaped flap was created in the DRUJ capsule.This flap is then elevated proximally to expose the articular surface of the DRUJ and the proximal triangular fibular cartilage complex(TFCC).A tunnel was made through the radius.The other tunnel was made between the ulnar neck and the fovea of the ulnar head.A whole-length palmaris longus tendon graft was taken.The volar opening of the radius tunnel was exposed through a longitudinal incision radial to the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon.One end of the graft was pulled to the palmar side easily through the tunnel.A hemostat was penetrated through the volar capsule to the volar side proximal to the remaining TFCC.The end of the graft was grasped with the hemostat and pulled back along this tract.Both graft limbs were passed through the ulnar tunnel to exit at the ulnar neck.One limb of the tendon was passed around the ulnar neck and deep to the ECU sheath.With the forearm in neutral rotation,the limbs were pulled taut,tied together,and secured with sutures.Immobilize the extremity in a long-arm plaster splint with the forearm in neutral position for 4 weeks,and changed to a short arm cast for an additional four weeks.ResultsThe average follow-up period for all 6 patients was 14 months(range,9-24).No infection and sensory nerve branch disturbance occurred.The pain symptom was reduced and the grip force was improved significantly.A functional evaluation was performed using the modified Mayo wrist scoring system.All patients had better wrist scores postoperatively in the short (mean,95) term compared to preoperatively(mean,69).Five patients satisfied with the final result.Conclusion Anatomic reconstruction of the distal radioulnar ligaments is indicated for chronic DRUJ instability without osteoarthritis,it is a reliable method with a very good short term follow up result.Restoration of the radioulnar ligaments offers the best possibility to restore the normal DRUJ primary constraints and kinematics.