Schistosomiasis hematobia is one major human schistosomiasis. The disease is endemic in Africa and Mediterra-nean region,and is the main cause of urogenital diseases. Although only Schistosoma japonicum is spreading across the Main-land China,now more schistosomiasis hematobia cases are reported among aid projects and migrant workers to Africa,with the economy development and the increasing degree of foreign exchanges. Meanwhile,the relevant clinical data of schistosomiasis hematobia are rare in China. This article reviews the clinical manifestations and progress in diagnosis and treatment of the dis-ease.

AIM: To investigate the effects of testosterone on endothelial function and intimal proliferation after balloon injury in male rabbit abdominal aorta. METHODS: 24 male New Zealand white rabbits were divided randomly into three groups: control group ( n =8, sham castration), hypotestosteronemia group ( n =8,castration) and testosterone replacement group (n =8,castration +testosterone undecanoate intramuscular injection,14 mg/kg). Abdominal aorta was injured with 3 mm PTCA balloon after testosterone undecanoate had been injected for three days. Two weeks later, blood samples were obtained for detection of plasma testosterone, lipids, metabolic product of nitric oxide (NO - 2/NO - 3), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA),and all the abdominal aorta were excised to be analyzed by computer. RESULTS: The intimal area of hypotestosteronemia group were significantly larger than that of other two groups( P

Objective To comprehensively evaluate the effect of the program of treatment and assistance to advanced schis-tosomiasis patients in Hunan Province from 2004 to 2013. Methods The fund investment of the program,the profits of hospi-tals and the improvement of the patients’health were investigated by data collection and questionnaire survey. The evaluation index system of treatment and assistance to advanced schistosomiasis in Hunan Province was constructed by the Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process,and the program was assessed comprehensively. Results The evaluation index system includ-ing 6 primary indices and 33 secondary indices was established. Among all the primary indices,the score of the treatment and assistance(22.25)was the highest,and that of the satisfaction assessment(8.15)was the lowest,and the score of the compre-hensive assessment was 87.06. The average cure rate of the patients was 13.08%from 2004 to 2013. More than 60%of the pa-tients’disease condition got better,and nearly 70%of the patients’psychological condition improved,and more than 70%of patients’self-help ability and social contact improved,as well as family happiness increased. In addition,the annual average cost for caretakers decreased by 2000 Yuan,and the profits of all the fixed-point hospitals for treatment and assistance in-creased. Conclusion The effectiveness and efficiency of the treatment and assistance to advanced schistosomiasis patients in Hunan Province is obvious,and the government should continuously invest in the program.

Dongting Lake area is one of the major marshland schistosomiasis endemic areas in China. In recent years spatial epidemiology is widely used in the research of schistosomiasis which is a new opportunity to break through the current wander-ing situation of schistosomiasis control. In this article both the generalized and Dongting-Lake-specific epidemic indicators of schistosomiasis are reviewed to provide the basis to construct the schistosomiasis Geographic Information System GIS database of Hunan Province.

Objective To explore the spatial-temporal characteristics and changing regularities of Schistosoma japonicum in-fections among human from 2004 to 2011. Methods The township level spatial databases of schistosomiasis in Hunan Province from 2004 to 2011 were established,and the related spatial analysis was performed by SPSS 17.0,ArcGIS 10.1 and SaTScan 7.03. Results The schistosome infection rate among human in Hunan Province sharply decreased from 3.0％in 2004 to 0.8％in 2011. However,the rate among residents in parts of some townships in 2011 was still hovering at a higher level (P90=2.12％),and the higher rate was distributed along the Oncomelania hupensis snail ridden areas outside embankment. The auto-correlation analysis showed that the global Moran's I for schistosome infection rate among human was 0.34 to 0.53 from 2004 to 2011,and was higher than the expected value(Z>8.71,P<0.05). The local G statistics indicated that the positive hotspot high-high clustering areas were mainly near the coast of Dongting Lake from 2004 to 2011,and the number of townships with schistosomiasis endemic in the clustering areas reached 30 to 70. The spatial scan analysis showed that the number of townships in the clustering areas ran up to 145 to 183 from 2004 to 2011. Conclusions The schistosome infection rate among human de-creased significantly in Hunan Province from 2004 to 2011. However,the rate in parts of some townships still remains at a com-paratively high level,and there are positive spatial correlation and spatial agglomerations in the schistosome infection rate among human,suggesting that the prevention and control work on schistosomiasis in these areas should be strengthened in the fu-ture.

In view of the deficiency of class hour and the limitations of classroom teaching in the course of ocular fundus disease, a network teaching platform, based on Browser/Server structure, was explored and constructed to assist classroom teaching. The network platform was constituted with teaching demonstration system, communication-test system, search system, and help system, mainly including 18 functional modules of learning-world et al. The students can be guided with the modules such as navigation, acting as a self-regulated learner through the modules such as learning-world, searching and downloading the related learning materials through the modules such as searching and discussing different learning topics with other students and their teachers through the modules such as forum. The network platform was used for classroom teaching of ocular fundus disease in auxiliary , and the result showed it was helpful to breaking the time and space constraints in conventional teach-ing, expanding the teaching content, solving the difficulties in teaching, improving the students' learning initiative, and realizing the interactive teaching.

Objective To explore the efficacy,mechanism and safety of silibinin combined with Ruangan pills(a Chinese herbal preparation)in the treatment of schistosomiasis liver fibrosis. Methods A total of 200 patients with schistosomiasis liver fibrosis were randomly divided into a control group and a treatment group,and 100 patients in each group were respectively admin-istered with oral silibinin alone and oral silibinin combined with Ruangan pills,respectively. The curative effects in the two groups were evaluated in 3 months,6 months,9 months and 12 months respectively. Results The common five clinical symptoms of schistosomiasis liver fibrosis patients significantly relieved in the treatment group 12 months after the therapy,and the total effi-ciency reached more than 75%,which were significantly higher than that in the control group. In the treatment group and the con-trol group,there was no improvement in the liver B ultrasonic classification 3 months and 6 months after the therapy(P>0.05);however,in 9 months and 12 months,the liver B ultrasonic classification in the treatment group was better than that in the control group(P<0.05,P<0.01,respectively). For the four serum indexes of liver fibrosis,there was no significant differences between the two groups in 3 months,however,in 6 months,9 months,and 12 months,there was a significant improvement in the treat-ment group compared with the control group. There were no obviously adverse effects in two groups. Conclusion Silibinin com-bined with Ruangan pills has a better curative effect in the treatment of schistosomiasis liver fibrosis.

Objective To understand the current distribution and characteristics of advanced schistosomiasis patients who accepted medical assistance in Hunan Province in 2015,so as to provide the evidence for perfecting the policy and measures of the medical assistance to advanced schistosomiasis patients. Methods The patients who had been diagnosed as advanced schis-tosomiasis were verified and confirmed according to the standard of the medical assistance to advanced schistosomiasis patients in Hunan Province in 2015. The epidemiological survey was conducted to investigate the demographic characteristics,history of diagnosis and treatment,and medical assistance to these persons. Results There were 3850 advanced schistosomiasis patients who accepted the medical assistance in Hunan Province in 2015,and among them,2664 patients were male(69.19%),and 1186 were female(30.81%). Most of them(92.82%)came from the main schistosomiasis endemic areas,such as Yueyang, Changde and Yiyang. There were 2369 cases of ascites(61.53%),1466 cases of splenomegaly(38.08%),15 cases of colon proliferation and dwarf(0.39%). The mean age of advanced schistosomiasis patients who accepted the medical assistance was (62.94 ± 11.67)years old,with 64.31% of them being more than 60 years old. The age of initial diagnosis of advanced schistoso-miasis was(53.85 ± 21.32)years old,and it was concentrated in 40-60 years old(68.57%). The mean duration of advanced schistosomiasis was(9.58 ± 10.06)years,and it was mainly distributed in 10 years(75.95%). The mean duration from initial diagnosis of schistosomiasis to advanced schistosomiasis was(22.33 ± 14.20)years. The priority of the medical assistance to ad-vanced schistosomiasis patients was given to the county hospitals(76.57%);and the effective rate of assistance was 94.46%. To-tally 86.57% of the patients with advanced schistosomiasis got the medical insurance(rural cooperative medical care,urban medical care,etc.). Conclusions The burden of the medical assistance to advanced schistosomiasis patients is still heavy be-cause of many patients and low cure rate in Hunan Province. The ascites patients and high age patients should be the important objects of the medical assistance.

AIM: In order to investigate the change of CD36 expression in atherosclerosis. METHODS: Chinese minipigs were fed a normal control diet (CD) or a high fat/high cholesterol diet (HFHC) for 12 months after common carotid artery injury induced by balloon denudation. Plasma total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) were determined by commercially enzymatic methods. CD36 mRNA and protein levels were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS: After HFHC for 12 months, plasma total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride in HFHC minipigs were increased compared with the control. CD36 expression and aorta PPAR? in HFHC minipigs were upregulated. CONCLUSION: HFHC may induce hyper cholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and upregulation of CD36 and aortic PPAR? expression.

AIM: To study the effects of apolipoprotein (apo) A-Ⅰon ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) degradation and cholesterol efflux in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells. METHODS: After exposure of the cultured THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells to apolipoprotein A-Ⅰ for different time, cholesterol efflux, ABCA1 mRNA and protein level were determined by liquid scintillation counting, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. The mean ABCA1 fluorescence intensity on THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells was detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS: ApoA-Ⅰ markedly increased ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux from THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells. This was accompanied by an increase in the content of ABCA1. ApoA-Ⅰ did not alter ABCA1 mRNA abundance. Thiol protease inhibitors increased the level of ABCA1 protein and slowed its decay in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells, whereas none of the proteosome-specific inhibitor lactacystin, other protease inhibitors, or the lysosomal inhibitor NH_4Cl showed such effects. The apoA-Ⅰ mediated cellular cholesterol efflux was enhanced by thiol protease inhibitors. CONCLUSION: Thiol protease inhibitors might provide an alternative way to upregulate ABCA1 protein. This strategy is especially appealing since it may mimic the stabilizing effect of the natural ligands apoA-Ⅰ.