Objective To investigate the correlationship of 5-HT2A receptor expression in the brainstem and sleep apnea in Sprague-Dawley (SD)rat. Method PSG monitoring for sleep and sleep apneas scoring was performed in freely moving SD rats. The level of 5-HT2A protein in rat brainstem was detected by Western blot and the relationship of 5-HT2A level with sleep apneas was analyzed. Results Two types sleep apnea model were obtained in rats, one was post-sigh sleep apnea (PS) and the other was spontaneous apnea (SP). The sleep apnea index was negatively correlated with the amount of 5-HT2A receptor level in brainstem (r=0.672,P <0.001). The post-sigh sleep apnea index was negatively correlated with the amount of 5-HT2A level in brainstem (r=0.686, P<0.001). The NREM-PS index was also negatively correlated with the amount of 5-HT2A level in brainstem (r =0.663, P < 0.001),but the spontaneous apnea index was not correlated with the amount of 5-HT2A level in brainstem (P>0.05). Conclusion The expression of 5-HT2A receptor in brainstem was negatively correlated with the severity of post-sigh sleep apnea. This association implies that 5-HT 2A receptor plays a critical role in the respiratory network and is closely correlated with the occurrence of central sleep apneas.

Objective To evaluate the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on sleep apneas in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.Methods Thirty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into two groups (15 rats in each group).The treatment group and the control group were injected intraperitoneally with paroxetine (10 mg · kg-1·d-1) and sterile distilled water (2 mL · kg-1 · d-1) for 7 days respectively.Parameters about sleep apnea and sleep structure were measured before and after the treatment.Results In the treatment group, there was a significant reduction of apnea index (AI) from (12.4±3.7) times/hour to (7.4±2.2) tmes/hour (P = 0.000).Both post sigh apnea index (PSAI) and spontaneous apnea index (SPAI) were decreased significantly (P = 0.000 and 0.021 respectively) in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, but not in REM sleep.REM sleep was reduced from 8.6% to 8.0% (P = 0.013) and its latency was increased from (54.1±48.4) rain to (110.9±43.4) min (P = 0.001) in the treatment group,as well as the sleep-onset latency [from (20.7±9.1) rain to (30.0±15.7) rain, P = 0.038].Conclusion Paroxetine can reduce sleep apneas in SD rats during NREM sleep.Its effects on sleep structure include reducing REM time,increasing REM latency and sleep-onset latency.

Objective To observe the effects and safety of recruitment maneuver(RM)and open-lung approach(OLA)in mechanical ventilated patients with pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Methods 6 cases of pulmonary ARDS were treated with RM(30～35 cm H2O,30～40s)and OLA(PEEP=12.1±2.0 cm H2O).SO2 and artery blood gas were recorded.Results SO2 began to rise in(3.7±2.0)min after RM,reaching plateau at(86.1±89.0)min,which was maintained longer than 5 hours by moderate level of PEEP.The RM and OLA significantly improved SO2[(88±5)%vs(97±2)%,P=0.000].Conclusion Single RM and OLA can rapidly improve SO2 and maintained it at a higher level in pulmonary ARDS patients with basic pulmonary disease(severe emphysema and bulla are excluded).

Background and purpose:Carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA) is mainly used in post-surveillance of colorectal cancer(CRC). Recently, bile CEA assay was reported to be of value in the diagnosis of OHM(occult hepatic metastasis) in CRC. We measured CEA levels in both peripheral vein and bile from patients with CRC to evaluate the change of bile CEA levels in patients with CRC and its relation to liver metastasis (LM). Methods:Three groups were enrolled in our study. Primary CRC Group: 27 patients with CRC but without LM; LM Group: 14 patients with LM from CRC; Control Group: 20 patients with benign biliary diseases (cholelithiasis or cholecystitis). Both serum and bile were collected to measure CEA levels in all groups but only bile CEA was measured in control group. Results:Bile CEA level in control group, primary CRC group and LM group were 1.73 ng/ml,13.7 ng/ml and314.27 ng/ml respectively, (P

miRNA are large class of small noncoding RNAs that play important roles in the development of various diseases such as cancers.This review summarizes the miRNA biogenesis and related enzymes or cofactors,the alteration of miRNA expression induced by antitumor drugs as well as the interaction of these drugs and miRNA.The paper also predicts the future research aspects for miRNA,including the functional studies of miRNAs,the drug screening based on miRNA and the regulatory mechanisms of miRNA expression by drugs.

The emergence of repertoire cloning using phage antibody libraries has revolutionized the antibody engineering technology. We prepared phage antibody libraries from both human breast cancer cell immunized murine spleen cells and human peripheral lymphocytes from volunteer received HBsAg vaccination. Mouse anti-human breast cancer cell antibodies and human anti-HBsAg antibodies were successfully cloned by panning of the phage antibody libraries against breast cancer cells and immobilized HBsAg. The resulting Fab fragments were expressed in E.coli cells and the specificity, affinity and DNA sequences were analyzed. The results showed the potential of the phage display system in antibody preparation.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of talc poudrage pleurodesis via semi-rigid medical thoracoscopy in the treatment of malignant pleural effusions,as well as the factors that may influence the outcomes.Methods:A series of 27 patients with malignant pleural effusion underwent medical thoracoscopic talc poudrage pleurodesis between July 2005 and September 2007 in Peking University First Hospital.Results:There were 16 male and 11 female patients in the series,the average age being 65.2 years.All the patients had documented malignant pleural effusions,including 16 cases of adenocarcinoma,6 of malignant mesothelioma,2 of squamous cell carcinoma,1 of lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma,1of small cell carcinoma and 1 of undifferentiated lung cancer.Thirty days after the procedures,complete successful pleurodesis was achieved in 22 cases,and partial successful in 4 cases.Pleurodesis was not successful in one case.Overall successful rate was 96.3%(26/27).The average duration of thoracic tubing was 6.85 days.Chest pain,fever and an increase in peripheral WBC after the procedure occurred in 19(70.4%,19/27),21(77.8%,21/27),and 12(44.4%,12/27)cases respectively.No respiratory failure occurred.Conclusion:Medical thoracoscopic talc poudrage pleurodesis is a safe and effective method for the treatment of malignant pleural effusion.

Objective To investigate the clinical features,pathogenic distribution and drug susceptibility of patients with infective endocarditis (IE).Methods Clinical data of IE patients were collected,who were admitted to Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Anzhen Hospital from January 2012 to March 2015.Results Three hundred and three IE patients were enrolled with age of (43 ± 16)years old.Fever (85.5％)and cardiac murmur (62.4％)were the most common clinical presentations.Congenital heart diseases was the leading underlying diseases in IE patients.Non rheumatic valve diseases (13.5％) followed.Vegetations were found in 90.4％ (274/303) patients.Streptococcus which accounted for 44.2％ was the major pathogen of IE.Staphylococcus (28.9％) was the second common pathogen.Gramnegative bacteria were diversified in categories.Gram-positive cocci were consistently sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid.Conclusions Congenital heart disease is the main underlying disease related to IE.Streptococcus is still the primary pathogen.Gram-positive cocci keep good sensitivity to vancomycin and linezolid.

Objective To investigate the effect of aging on the sleep apneas syndrome in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.Methods 18 male SD rats in a SPF grade were divided into three groups:young (3-month-old rats,n=6),middle-aged(12-14-month-old rats,n=6) and old group (18-20-month-old rats,n=6).The rats were implanted with EEG and ECG electrodes and underwent sleep monitoring.Results During non-rapid eye movement (NREM),the spontaneous apnea index (SPAI) in young,middle-aged and old groups were increased with aging [0.41 (0.00-1.14)times/h,0.76(0.00-6.28)times/h,2.13(1.44-3.87)times/h respectively,(x2=8.801,P=0.012)].There were significant differences in the average time of post sigh apnea in NREM between the three groups [(3.51±0.18)sec vs.(3.84±0.57)sec vs.(4.36±0.57) sec,F=4.729,P=0.026].SPAI in NREM and the average time of post-sigh apnea in rapid eye movement (REM) as well as NREM showed an increase trend with aging,but there was no significant difference between groups (both P ＞0.05).Conclusions The apnea index,total time of sleep apneas and the average time of postsigh apnea are increased with aging,which is similar to that in human.

Objective To report the clinical and myopathological features in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) with myositis.Methods A 33 years old man suffered from recurrent respiratory infection with fever over 10 years.The symptoms improved after anti-infection therapy.At the same time he presented with fatigue.Two years ago he developed general muscle weakness,hypertrophy and myotonia,especially in the hands,neck and thighs.Genetic test for myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) and zinc finger protein 9 (ZNF9) was performed.Laboratory tests,electromyography,muscle ultrasound and muscle biopsy were performed.In addition to standard histological and enzyme histochemical stainings,immunohistochemical method was used with primary antibodies of mouse anti human monoclonal antibodies including CD8 for T-lymphocytes,CD20 for B-lymphocytes,CD68 for macrophages and MHC-Ⅰ for muscle membrane.Results Electromyography revealed myogenic changes and abound with myotonic potentials.There was muscle hypertrophy in muscle ultrasound.Lung biopsy showed chronic inflammatory changes.Serum hypoimmunoglobulin and anemia were found.Muscle biopsy showed muscle fiber necrosis and regeneration with lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration.There were no gene mutations in DMPK and ZNF9 gene.Conclusion Muscle hypertrophy and myotonia appeared in CVID with myositis.