Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major agent of hand, foot and mouth disease that can cause a severe burden of disease to children. To identify an effective method for the control and prevention of EV71, we studied the effect of exposure to heat and ultraviolet (UV) light upon EV71 inactivation. We found that exposure to 50 degrees C could not inactivate the infectivity of EV71. However, exposure to 60 degrees C and 70 degrees C could inactivate EV71 effectively. EV71 could be inactivated after exposure to UV light at a distance between the sample and a lamp of 30 cm for 30 min or 60 min because viral genomic RNA was destroyed. However, fetal bovine serum (FBS) could attenuate the inactivation proffered by heat and UV light. Attenuation effects of FBS were correlated positively with FBS concentration. Hence, EV71 can be inactivated by exposure to heat and UV light, and our results could provide guidance on prevention of the spread of EV71.
Disinfection ; instrumentation ; methods ; Enterovirus A, Human ; genetics ; physiology ; radiation effects ; Enterovirus Infections ; virology ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Virus Inactivation ; radiation effects

Rotavirus is the leading causal agent of severe acute gastroenteritis in children aged <5 years. A specific pharmacologic agent for the treatment of rotavirus-infected children is lacking. In China, only the Luo Tewei oral vaccine (Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, China), which is produced from Lanzhou lamb rotavirus vaccine (LLR), is available. Studies have hypothesized that the genotype of LLR is G10P[12], To identify the genotype of LLR by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we showed that the VP7 and VP4 genotypes of LLR were G10 and P[15], respectively, based on sequencing, alignment and phylogenetic analyses. In conclusion, we identified the genotype of rotavirus strain LLR to be G10P[15].
China ; Genotype ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Rotavirus ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Rotavirus Infections ; virology ; Rotavirus Vaccines ; chemistry ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Viral Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enterovirus-A71 (EV-A71) has posed heavy disease and economic burdens to young children under 5 years of age and families. Elucidating the pathogenesis of EV-A71 will provide better evidence for prevention and control for EV-A71 infection. miRNAs are a class of non-coding RNA that regulate many biological processes of host cells through manipulating mRNA translation to control the protein levels by direct binding to mRNA, meanwhile, participating the virus-host cell interaction. Here, we mainly review the current knowledge on the biogenesis of miRNA, alterations of miRNA profiles induced by EV-A71, regulation of EV-A71 replication, anti-EV-A71 innate immunity and apoptosis by miRNA direct binding EV-A71 genome or host genes. All these will facilitate understanding the role of miRNA in EV-A71-host cell interaction and pathogenesis of disease caused by EV-A71.

Objective To amplify the nearly-complete sequence of human Bocavirus 1 (HBoV1)and analyze the recombination relationship among HBoV1-4.Methods Five fragments of HBoV1 genome were amplified by PCR from the HBoV1 single positive nasopharyngeal aspirates,then the five fragments were sequenced and analyzed through the blast in nucleotide acid database.The sequence assembly was conducted by DNAMAN,the homogeneous analysis was performed among the HBoV1 sequences that have been published in nucleotide acid database and then created the phylogenetic tree.At last,the recombination relationship was analyzed among HBoV1-4.Results A total 5287 bp length sequence was amplified in this study,which was the nearly-complete sequence of HBoV1 that was named HBoV1-NC.HBoV1-NC had the closest relationship with Chongqing strain,however,had the farthest relationship with Guangzhou strain through the homogeneous analysis.HBoV3 may be a recombinant derived from HBoV1 and HBoV4,HBoV4 may be a recombinant derived from HBoV2 and HBoV3 through recombination analysis of HBoV1-4.Conclusion The nearly-complete sequence HBoV1-NC was amplified in this study and HBoV1-4 had the recombination relationship.

Objective:To determine the changes of immune-associated molecules in serum of patients infected with respiratory syncytial virus subtype A (RSV-A).Methods:Serum specimens were collected from patients with respiratory infection at Department of Pediatrics of NO. 2 Clinical Teaching Hospital of Chengde Medical University during August 2022 to June 2023. The serum specimens were set as RSV-A single infection group and RSV-A coinfection group based on the detected pathogens in these patients. Serum levels of Th1 cytokines including interferon γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and Th2 cytokines including interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-10, soluble toll-like receptor 2 (sTLR2) and 4 (sTLR4), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNFR1) and sTNFR2 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits.Results:Serum levels of IFN-γ ( H=10.030, P=0.007) and IL-4 ( H=10.246, P=0.006) were significantly up-regulated in RSV-A single infection group and RSV-A coinfection group, however, levels of TNF-α ( F=1.154, P=0.322) and IL-10 ( F=1.738, P=0.188) were not significantly up-regulated. Area under the curve (AUC) of IFN-γ and IL-4 were 0.866 (95% CI: 0.767-0.966, P=0.002) and 0.986 (95% CI: 0.956-1.000, P=0.001), respectively. The levels of sTLR2 ( H=1.165, P=0.559) and sTLR4 ( H=1.657, P=0.437) were not significantly changed. Levels of sTNFR1 ( H=11.431, P=0.003) and sTNFR2 ( F=3.411, P=0.041) were significantly up-regulated in RSV-A coinfection group and the concentration of sTNFR2 was higher than sTNFR1. Concentration of sTNFR1 was peaked in RSV-A coinfected with bacterium group and RSV-A coinfected with dual bacteria group. AUC of sTNFR2 was 0.967 (95% CI: 0.911-1.000, P=0.002). Conclusions:Expressions of immune-associated molecules, including IFN-γ, IL-4, sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 were significantly changed in patients infected with RSV-A, and these immune-associated molecules maybe engage in the interaction and pathogenesis between RSV-A and host.

Objective:To research the metabolomic alterations of human lung bronchial epithelial cells infected with human rhinovirus 1B (HRV1B).Methods:Untargeted metabolomics was used to determine the metabolomic alterations in human lung bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) 6 h, 12 h and during the dynamic process (6 h∶12 h) after HRV1B infection.Results:A total of 93 differentially significant metabolites (DSMs) (47 DSMs were up-regulated and 46 DSMs were down-regulated) and 88 DSMs (37 DSMs were up-regulated and 51 DSMs were down-regulated) at post infection of HRV1B in BEAS-2B at 6 h or 12 h, respectively. A total of 30 DSMs (12 DSMs were up-regulated and 18 DSMs were down-regulated) in a dynamic process (6 h∶12 h) after HRV1B infection. Unknown metabolites took up most proportions. The trends of fatty acid, lipid, amino acid, nucleotide and carbohydrate were increased along with the prolonging of HRV1B infection. DSMs such as Diisononyl phthalate was co-detected DSMs among three groups.Conclusions:Metabolites such as fatty acid, lipid, amino acid, nucleotide and carbohydrate of BEAS-2B cells are changed induced by HRV1B infection.

Renal pelvic hemangioma is a rare benign tumor, presenting with intermittent, total, painless, gross hematuria, accompanied by low back pain, abdominal pain or other symptoms in some cases. Four cases of pyelonephric hemangioma were treated, which were misdiagnosed as malignancy before surgery. For middle-aged patients with intermittent hematuria, if the imaging data cannot rule out renal pelvic hemangioma, it is recommended to perform renoscopy, renal artery angiography or renal puncture biopsy. For patients diagnosed with renal pelvic hemangioma, either partial nephrectomy, ureteroscopic cauterization, or selective renal artery embolization can achieve good results.

Objective:To analyze the prevalence and clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in Chengde city.Methods:From August 2022 to June 2023, throat swabs and clinical data of 478 hospitalized children with respiratory tract infection in the Chengde Central Hospital were collected. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the molecular epidemiology of RSV-A and RSV-B subtypes and analyze the clinical features of patients with RSV infection.Results:Among the hospitalized children, 67.57% (323/478) tested positive for RSV. The outbreak of RSV infection was caused by RSV-A subtype. The peaks of RSV-A infection occurred from November to December, 2022 and May to June, 2023. There were 86.07% (278/323) of the RSV-A-positive cases had mixed infection with other pathogens, primarily bacterial pathogens with Streptococcus pneumoniae being the most common, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Influenza virus A was the most common viral pathogens causing mixed infection. The level of lactate dehydrogenase was higher in the patients with single RSV-A infection than in those with mixed infection ( Z=2.396, P=0.017), and higher than the normal upper limit. Compared with the single infection group, the mixed infection group had higher white blood cell count ( Z=2.417, P=0.016), neutrophil ratio ( Z=3.218, P=0.001), C-reactive protein level ( Z=1.998, P=0.046) and creatinine level ( Z=2.107, P=0.035), and lower lymphocyte ratio ( Z=3.205, P=0.001), but they were all within the normal range. There were no significant differences in the clinical features between RSV-A-positive patients co-infected with bacteria or other viruses (all P>0.05). Conclusions:RSV-A is the leading cause of respiratory tract infection in children in Chengde from 2022 to 2023, and often co-detected with bacteria. The mixed infection with other respiratory pathogens is related to the clinical features of patients with RSV-A infection.

Objective:To determine the alteration of miRNA profile of human tonsillar epithelial cells induced by enterovirus-A71 (EV-A71) infection.Methods:Human tonsillar epithelial cells UT-SCC-60B were infected with EV-A71 at multiplicities of infection (MOI) of 1 and total RNA was extracted using Trizol reagent. Small RNA library was constructed and high-throughput sequencing was performed using Illumina NextSeq 500. Differential significantly expressed known and novel miRNAs and putative targets were selected after the processing of raw data. Gene ontology (GO), kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways were analyzed through online database. Kinds of miRNA could target EV-A71 genome was determined through psRNATarget. Validations of random selected miRNAs were done through real-time RT-PCR.Results:A total of 61 known significantly expressed miRNAs (21 miRNAs were down-regulated and 40 miRNAs were up-regulated) and 559 novel significantly expressed miRNAs were identified through high-throughput sequencing. Novel significantly expressed miRNA had typical "hairpin structure" of pre-miRNA. Fold changes of hsa-miR-517b-3p and hsa-miR-199a-5p which was determined by real-time RT-PCR had similar change trends with high-throughput sequencing. Putative targets of significantly expressed miRNA were referred to different biological processes and signaling pathways. A total of 24 significant miRNAs (5 known significantly expressed miRNAs and 19 novel significantly expressed miRNAs) had "seed sequence" in EV-A71 genome.Conclusions:Expression of miRNA profile in UT-SCC-60B was significantly changed by EV-A71 infection and the identified significantly expressed miRNAs potential target EV-A71 genome to regulate EV-A71 replication.

Objective: To study the molecular prevalence and clinical characteristics of human metapneumovirus and human bocavirus in hospitalized children with community-acquired pneumonia. Methods: Total 333 throat swabs and clinical information of patients were collected between 2017 and 2018 at Department of Pediatrics of No.2 Clinical Teaching Hospital, Chengde Medical University. The IgM of adenovirus (AdV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus-A/B (Influ-A/B), parainuenza viruses (PIVs)were tested by detection kit, and the positive samples of human metapneumovirus (hMPV), human bocavirus (HBoV), AdV, RSV and human coronavirus (HCoV) were detected by RT-PCR or PCR. Results: 43 cases, 19 cases, 3 cases and 2 cases were positive for Influ-B, PIV, RSV and AdV IgM, respectively. Total 80 cases were infected with hMPV (71 cases were single infection, 8 cases were double infection, and 1 case was triple infection), 22 cases were infected with HBoV (14 cases were single infection, 7 cases were double infection, and 1 case was triple infection), 6 cases were infected with AdV (4 cases were single infection, 1 case was double infection, and 1 case was triple infection), only 1 case was single infected with RSV or HCoV, respectively. 39 cases (11.7%) and 41 cases (12.3%) were distributed at <5 years group and ≥5 years group, respectively. 45.0%(18/40)in severe cases and 27.99%(82/293)in mild cases were positive for hMPV, HBoV, AdV, RSV and HCoV, the ratio of viral positive case was significant higher in severe cases than mild cases (P=0.042). The age (P=0.000), peak of fever (P=0.035), duration of hospitalization (P=0.000), neutrophils (P=0.000) and lymphocytes (P=0.000) were significant difference in severe cases compared with mild cases. Conclusions Multiple respiratory viruses can cause community-acquired pneumonia and more attention should be pay to the surveillance of hMPV and HBoV.