AIM:To evaluate the effect of all capsule polishing with polishing mode for decreasing the occurrence of posterior capsular opacification( PCO) .
METHODS: Totally 194 eyes ( 162 patients ) were performed phacoemulsification, posterior chamber intraocular lens were implanted. One hundred eyes were performed with all capsule polishing with polishing mode;94 eyes were performed with the polishing apparatus.
RESULTS:The patients were followed up for 12mo. Six eyes ( 6. 0%) of PCO were found in the 100 eyes with polishing mode group; 15 eyes ( 16. 0%) of PCO were found in the 94 eyes with the polishing apparatus group. The difference was significant (P<0. 05).
CONCLUSION: It can decrease the occurrence of PCO by performing all capsule polishing with polishing mode.

This paper reviews the common approaches for B cell epitopes and T cell epitopes study in recent years, and its application in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)’s antigen epitope study. The development of antigen epitopes of FMDV are also summarized.

Biodegradable PLGA [poly(lactide-co-glycolide acid)] have shown significant potential for sustained and targeted delivery of several pharmaceutical agents, including DNA. We reviewed the formulating approaches of PLGA nanoparticles/microspheres as DNA carriers and utilization for gene therapy and vaccine adjuvant.

Objective: To design and synthesize conjugates of polyglutamic acid and gemcitabine with different amino acids as linkers, and through changing the structure to control the release of free drug and improve antitumor activity. Methods: First, the amino acid esters formed with 3′-OH or 5′-OH of gemcitabine were synthesized, and then the free amino groups of amino acid esters were conjugated with the carboxyl groups in polyglutamic acid to obtain the object conjugate of polyglutamic acid and gemcitabine with different amino acids as linkers. The content of gemcitabine in the conjugates was determined by UV. The release rate of free drug from the conjugates was determined by HPLC. Results and Conclusion: 11 novel conjugates were synthesized with gemcitabine content of 25%-30%. In vitro drug release experiment results revealed that gemcitabine could be released from the conjugates steadily. Conjugates with different amino acids as linkers exhibited different drug release rate. PG-Ala-3′-Gem can release 50% of gemcitabine in 4 h, but PG-Val-3′-Gem and PG-Ala-5′-Gem only can release 30.3% or 43.5% of gemcitabine in 48 h,respectively. The drug release rate in blood is faster than that in water solution.

The conjugates of polymer with anticancer drug, due to their enhanced permeability and retention effect can accumulate in solid tumors at a much higher concentration than n normal tissues or organs, which results n higher targeting distribution and lower systemic toxicity. As a macromolecule carrier, N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer has many advantages, such as biocompatibility and nonimmunogenicity, so HPMA copolymer-anticancer conjugates has become the focus of large-weight-molecule targeted therapies. Now six HPMA copolymer-anticancer drugs have been evaluated clinically, and many other conjugates are in the stage of preclinical tests. In this paper, research advances in HPMA copolymer-anticancer conjugates are reviewed.

Objective To study the effect of magnesium citrate combined with compound polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder in bowel preparation before colonoscopy.Methods One hundred and six colonoscopy patients with lower digestive tract symptom were divided into study group (54 cases) and control group (52 cases) by random digits table method,the bowel preparation in study group was magnesium citrate combined with compound polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder,in control group was compound polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder.The lesions detection rate,bowel preparation quality,time of first defecation,number of defecation,time of colonoscopy,results of the electrolyte level and liver and kidney function after medication and adverse reaction were compared between two groups.Results There were no statistical differences in lesions detection rate,time of colonoscopy,results of the electrolyte level and liver and kidney function after medication between two groups (P ＞ 0.05).The total effective rate of bowel preparation quality in study group was significantly higher than that in control group [96.3％(52/54) vs.82.7％ (43/52)],the time of first defecation was significantly shorter than that in control group [(32.5 ± 26.1) rmin vs.(47.2 ± 22.4) min],the number of defecation was significantly much than that in control group [(8.2 ± 2.9) times vs.(6.2 ± 2.6) times],there were statistical differences (P ＜ 0.05).The incidence of nausea in study group was significantly lower than that in control group [22.2％ (12/54) vs.48.1％ (25/52)],there was statistical difference (P ＜ 0.05).There were no statistical differences in the incidences of vomiting,abdominal distention and abdominal pain between two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Magnesium citrate combined with compound polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder used in preoperative bowel preparation for colonoscopy has better clinical application value.

Objective To evaluate the efficiency and safety of transurethral plasmakinetic enucleation of prostate(PKEP) in the treatment of patients with benign prostate hyperplasia(BPH) after transrectal prostate biopsy(TRPB).Methods A total of 88 BPH patients who underwent PKEP in our hospital during Jan.2012 to May 2015 were retrospectively analyzed and followedup.38 patients underwent TRPB before PKEP were defined as TRPB group,and 50 patients underwent PKEP with no TRPB were defined as control group.The baseline data,perioperative data and postoperative follow-up outcomes were recorded and compared between the two groups.Results The mean age of the 88 patients were 69.7 years.Compared with control group,TRPB group showed that age was younger(t=2.62,P＜ 0.05)and prostate specific antigen(PSA) level was higher(t=13.64,P＜0.01).Operation duration was longer in TRPB group than in control group (93.6 ± 31.0) min vs.(77.9 ± 17.3) min (t =2.6 4,P ＜ 0.05).There were no significant differences in the preoperative data,blood loss,continuous bladder irrigation duration after operation and period of catheterization between two groups (all P ＞ 0.05).Trans-operative time was significantly shortened when the time interval between TRPB and PKEP is more than 4 weeks(P＜ 0.01),while blood loss was similar in the two groups(P＞ 0.0 5).There were no adverse events of blood transfusion,transurethral resection syndrome and injury of bladder or rectal in both two groups.There were no significant differences in maximum flow rate(Qmax),international prostate symptom score(IPSS) or quality of life(QOL) scores between the two groups at 3,6 and 12 months of follow up(all P＞ 0.05).Conclusions PKEP after TRPB is a safe and effective treatment for BPH patient.When the time interval between TRPB and PKEP is more than 4 weeks,the performing of PKEP operation would reduce the difficulty of operative procedure and increase the safety.

Objective To study the diagnosis and treatment of retroperitoneal schwannoma.Methods Clinical data of 11 cases of primary retroperitoneal schwannomas were analyzed retrospectively from February 1990 to September 2014.There were 6 males and 5 females,with a median age of 46 years,and the median tumor size was 9.6 cm (4.5-12.3 cm).Seven cases were revealled due to physical examination,3 cases were revealled due to ipsilateral lower back pain or discomfort,and 1 case was revealled due to right lower extremity numbness.There were no clinical manifestations of hypertension or appearance shape change,and there were no abnormal findings in routine laboratory and endocrine examinations.Radiological examination showed a retroperitoneal mass.There were 3 cases in the left adrenal gland,1 case in the right adrenal gland,3 cases in the lower pole of left kidney and 4 cases in the lower pole of right kidney.Four patients were initially diagnosed as adrenal tumors,and 7 patients were diagnosed as kidney tumors.Results All the 11 cases underwent surgical resection,with 7 cases of complete resection,1 case of capsule resection,2 cases of partial resection and 1 case of biopsy.The pathology of immunohistochemical staining showed S-100 positive in 10 cases of benign retroperitoneal schwannomas.During the follow-up period for 1.5-24 years (median 14 years),no recurrence and malignance was observed.One case of malignant retroperitoneal schwannoma died of multiple metastases in 17 months after opreation.Conclusions Primary retroperitoneal schwannoma is rare and preoperative diagnosis is difficult.Clinical manifestations and radiological findings are usually nondiagnostic,and histopathology is the only way for final diagnosis.Complete surgical resection is proved to be the best choice.

Objective To evaluate the preoperative diagnosis and treatment of primary non-specific ureteritis,and to better understand this disease.Methods Three cases of primary non-specific ureteritis (1 man and 2 women)were reported.Their age was 28,38,68 years,respectively.One ease was found to have hydronephrosis on B-ultrasound at physical examination with no symptoms,and 2 had abdominal pain. The lesions were detected in lower part of the ureter in 2 cases,and in middle in I.The patients were diag- nosed preoperatively with combined use of MRU and ureteroscopy.Partial resection of the diseased part of the ureter was performed in all the cases.Results Pathological findings confirmed the diagnosis of non-spe- cific ureteritis.Microscopy showed necrotic tissue and inflammatory cell infiltration of ureteral mucosa,dilated and congested blood vessels,hypertrophic muscular layer,and proliferation of fibrous tissue.During the fol- low-up of 2 years,the patients had no symptoms and were free from hydronephrosis.Conclusions The eti- ology of primary non-specific ureteritis is unclear,and no typical symptoms can be found clinically.Combined use of MRU and ureteroscopy is helpful for definite diagnosis of the disease.Partial resection of the diseased part of the ureter has good results.

Objective: The purpose of this tudy was to dynamicly observe the weight and the bone mineral density (BMD) of the unsexed rabbits with a few self-made standardized phantoms. Methods:The eighteen healthy adult female rabbits were measured for their weight and BMD in preunsexed and postunsexed 5 months, 10 months with quantitative CT(QCT). Results:There were 61.1% of rabbits whose weight and BMD decreased after 5 months of the postunsexed and 100% of rabbits whose weight and BMD decreased after 10 months of the operation. Conclusion:QCT can be used to dynamicly observe curative effect of drugs in various periods as well,and it is a good method to study osteoporosis.