ObjectiveTo study the mechanism of hemodynamic alternation surrounding the hematoma in the acute stage of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rats.MethodsSeventy male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into ICH group and sham operated group, which were microinjected with 40 μl fresh autologous blood or saline into the right caudatum respectively. The each group was divided into 7 subgroups at 1h,3h,6h,12h,24h,48h and 72h after the ICH. CT perfusion imaging in measurements of regional cerebral blood flow adjacent to hematomas was performed. The ratios of side to side were measured at the regions around the hematomas by personal computer aided mapping. So the parameters of regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF), regional cerebral blood volume(rCBV) and mean transit time(MTT) were calculated respectively.ResultsThe rCBF and rCBV adjacent to the hematomas were lower than those of the outer region pronouncedly. The alternation of rCBF around the hematoma were fluctuated, which reduced to the valley at 1h after ICH, and then gradually returned to the peaks at 6h and 24h after ICH. In the meantime, the rCBV around the hematoma reduced to the valley at 1h after ICH, and then gradually increased to the peak at 24h after ICH.ConclusionThe abnormal hemodynamic changes can be found in the perihematomal region after ICH. The alternation of rCBF around the hematomas are fluctuated, but the changes of rCBV remain continuous increase. The mass effect of hematoma, intracranial hypertension caused by the mass effect of hematoma, and the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow motivated by the initial depression of cerebral blood flow play a very important role in the changes of cerebral blood flow.

Objective To study the change and the significance of T-lymphocyte immune function in peripheral blood in population living in arsenic-contaminated area. Methods Fifty-three cases of patients with arsenism symptoms were selected into experimental group, inhabitants who had no chronic arsenism symptoms into control group in the endemic area of Shuocheng District, Shuozhou City, Shanxi Province in 2006. Vein blood samples were taken and analyzed with SAP assay to measure the percentage of CD3+ ,CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Results It was found that the percentage of CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ [(41.89 ± 11.58)%, (25.60 ± 9.05)% and 1.02 ± 0.41] in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group [(68.38 ± 7.23)%, (39.17± 4.28)% ,1.69 ± 0.56, t = 13.61,18.72,14.79, all P < 0.05], while there was no statistical differences of CD8+ [(25.30 ± 6.85)%] compared to the control group[(23.54 ± 8.35)%,t = 3.07,P > 0.05]. The gender-related effect of arsenic on CD4+ and CD8+ was found by multiple linear step regression analysis(t = - 3.05, - 4.30, all P < 0.05). In case group, there were no statistical differences in CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+[(40.65±10.06)%, (24.48 ± 6.29)%, (24.52 ± 8.16)%,0.98 ± 0.25] between males and females [(43.07±12.96)%, (26.77±3.12)%, (26.50 ±9.32)%, 1.07 ±0.41, t = - 0.76,3.05,0.30,2.10, all P > 0.05]. Conclusions The immune function of T-lymphocytes of patients with chronic arsenism has been suppressed. It is of active significance to detect T-lymphocyte subpopulation in peripheral vein in patients with chronic arsenism aiming at estimating the function of cell immune and providing early diagnosis index.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of internal septation for differentiating benign from malignant breast lesions.Methods A total of 26 patients were included in the study,in which 12 patients had 20 lesions of breast carcinoma and 14 patients had 25 lesions of fibroadenoma diagnosed either pathologically or clinically.The differential diagnoistic value of the hypointensive internal septation was analyzed.Results The signal intensity of fibroadenomas and malignant lesions on T_2-weighted fat- suppressed images could be classified as iso- to hyper- intensity,hypointensity and mixed intensity. According to the signal intensity classification,there were 5,11 and 4 cases in patients with breast carcinoma respectively,while 11,10,4 cases in patients with fibroadenoma respectively.There was no statistical difference in the distribution between the two patient groups(?~2=1.764,P=0.414).The shape of fibroadenomas and malignant lesions could be classified as irregular、roundish or lobulated.According to the morphological classification,there were 12,7 and 1 case in patients with breast carcinoma respectively, while 1,7,17 cases in patients with fibroadenoma respectively.There was statistical difference in the distribution between the two patient groups(?~2=23.262,P=0.000).The typical features of fibroadenomas were as follows:lobulated shape,hypointensive internal septations on T_2-weighted or postcontrast images. The diagnostic sensitivity of the three imaging features for fibroadenoma was 68%(17/25),52%(13/25), and 72%(18/25)respectively;and the diagnostic specificity was 95%(19/20),90%(18/20),95% (19/20)respectively.Conclusion The internal septation is a rather specific sign for diagnosis of fibroadenomas.

Purpose :To investigate the relationship of peripheral blood T-lymphocyte subsets with the acuterejection or severe CMV infection in transplanted patients. Methods :T-lymphocytes subsets of peripheral bloodwere consecutively detected by using mice-verse-human T-lymphocytes subsets monoclonal antibody-OKT serialsand flow cytometer. Results:The difference of CD4/CD8 ratios between the no acute rejection group and the acuterejection group, or between the acute rejection remission group and the resistant acute rejection group was signif-icant ( P ＜0.05); In patients with intensive CMV infection, the CD4/CD8 ratios were converse to the acute re-jection group. Conclusions:These results indicated that monitoring of peripheral blood T-lymphocyte subsets wasof much benefit to early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of acute rejection of intensive CMV infection and rea-sonable treatment.

OBJECTIVETo study pharmacological effects of PEC (the oral liquid which consists of Panax quinquefolium, Epimedium brevicornum, Schisandra chinensis Bail and Cervus eplaphus) on mice.

METHODExperiments were carried out through swimming test, step-through, spontaneous activity and sleeping time.

RESULTWhen 5-10 mL x kg(-1) of PEC was given orally for 7 days, it could prolong swimming duration of mice in water tank, and increase the tolerant ability against oxygen-deficiency. PEC could also improve cognitive-deficiency induced by taking off sleep with force in mice after given orally for 7 days. The PEC could increase the spontaneous activity in mice, antagonize the inhabitation induced by Valium, and shorten the sleeping time caused by sodium pentobarbital.

CONCLUSIONPEC has strong potential neuro-pharmacological activities such as anti-fatigue, improving cognitive-deficiency in mice.

Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; drug effects ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Epimedium ; chemistry ; Fatigue ; drug therapy ; Hypoxia ; drug therapy ; Male ; Memory Disorders ; drug therapy ; Mice ; Panax ; chemistry ; Pentobarbital ; pharmacology ; Phytotherapy ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Schisandra ; chemistry ; Sleep ; drug effects ; Swimming

Objective To investigate the different pathogeneses of asymptomatic lacunar infaction and symptomatic nonlacunar infaction by investigating their risk factors.Methods A total of 1989 people more than 50 years old,performed physical examination were chosen with the results showing 48 patients with asymptomatic lacunar infaction (group A) and 51 patients with symptomatic nonlacunar infaction (group B).Another 1862 controls without cerebrovascular disease were also chosen.Single factor analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the risk factors.Each risk factor and amount of risk factors for the two diseases was compared between group A and group B.Results Age,hypertension and smoking were the independent predictors of asymptomatic lacunar infaction (P＜0.05).Age,sex,diabetes mellitus,drinking,family history of stroke and stenosis of intracrianial artery were the independent predictors of the symptomatic nonlacunar infaction (P＜0.05).Both rates of diabetes mellitus and stenosis of intracrianial artery in group B were higher than those in group A (diabetes mellitus:x2=17.603,P=0.008; stenosis of intracrianial artery:x2=19.319,P=0.005).The amount of risk factors in patients from group B was significantly more than that in patients from group A (Z=2598,P=0.009).Conclusion The risk factors and vascular mechanism in patients with symptomatic nonlacunar infaction and asymptomatic lacunar infaction are different.Diabetes mellitus and stenosis of intracrianial artery are more often noted in patients with symptomatic nonlacunar infarction.

Objective To explore the effect of gene mutations of arsenic transport proteins-muhidrug resistance-associated proteins(MRP1 and MRP2)on phenotype of endemic arsenic poisoning.Methods Two hundreds and thirty-nine rural residents in 3 villages of Shuocheng Region,Shanxi Province were interviewed and examined by simple random sampling who had been lived there for 20 yearn at least.All the objects were divided into two groups on the basis of clinical examination with"The Standard Diagnosis of Endemic Arsenic Poisoning" (WT/S 211-2001):subjectives with skin lesion as a arsenic poisoning group and without skin lesion as a control group. One hundred and ninety-three blood samples were collected from each participanL Seventy-five arsenic poisoning cases and 118 controls were detected the gene mutations in the 2,17,23 exons of M RPI and the 10,18,31 exons of MRP2 by PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and compared by multivariate Logistic regression model. Results Seventy-five cases and 164 controls underwent questionnaires. Age[ (58.85±11.26) vs (45.73±11.92),OR = 3.378,P ＜ 0.05],gender[male,57.3%(43/75)vs 27.4%(45/164),OR = 3.553,P＜ 0.01 ],smoking[46.7%(35/75) vs 21.3%(35/164),OR = 3.225,P ＜ 0.01 ],drinking[ 17.3%(13/75) vs 8.5% (14/164),OR = 1.836,P ＞ 0.05],vegetable and fruit intake[5.3%(4/75) vs 9.1%(15/164),OR = 0.560,P ＞ 0.05],egg and meat intake[34.7%(26/75) vs 30.5%(50/164),OR = 1.210,P ＞ 0.05],exposure of pesticide [41.3%(31/75) vs 29.3%(48/164),OR = 1.864,P ＜ 0.05] were tested by Logistic regression model. There was no gene mutation detected in the 23 exon of MRP1 and the 18 exon of MRP2. The gene mutations frequencies of the 2 exons of MRP1 in arsenic poisoning and control groups were 8.00% (6/75) and 5.93% (7/118),respectively;they were 13.33%(10/75) and 8.47%(10/118) of the 17 exons of MRP1,respectively;they were 22.67%(17/75) and 18.64%(22/118) of the 10 exons of MRP2,respectively;they were 5.33%(4/75) and 2.54%(3/118) of the 31 exons of MRP2,respectively. There was no significant difference between two groups(x2 = 0.312,1.165,0.460, 2.794,respectively,all P ＞ 0.05). After age,gender,smoking,drinking,nutritional level and exposure of pesticide being adjusted by multivariate Logistic regression model,there was no significant difference between two groups (OR = 0.803,1.892,2.388,1.098,respectively,all P ＞ 0.05). Conclusions The gene mutations of 2,17,23 exons of MRPI and the 10,18,31 exons of MRP2 may have no effect on the phenotype of endemic arsenic poisoning.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of REMP2 derived from limulus anti-lipopolysaccharide factor in neutralizing endotoxin in vitro and its antibacterial activity.

METHODS(1) REMP2 and PMB in the concentrations of 100.00, 10.00, 1.00, 0.10, 0.01 micromol/L were respectively mixed with LPS (lEU/mL), with PMB as positive control. The LPS concentrations in different specimens were determined by routine method, and the neutralizing percentage was respectively calculated. (2) After adding isotonic saline (NS), the final concentrations of REMP2 and PMB were 10, 20, 40, 80 micromol/L, and the concentration of LPS was 100 microg/L. The murine monocytic macrophages were stimulated with LPS, then cultured with REMP2 and PMB, with NS in culture as negative control. The content of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was determined by ELISA kit. (3) The morphologic changes of Escherichia coli. was observed under electron microscope at 10, 20 and 40 minutes after addition of REMP2 to Escherichia coli suspension (with terminal concentration of REMP2 at 40 micromol/L).

RESULTSThere were no significant difference in endotoxin-neutralizing percentages between PMB and REMP2 in concentrations of 0.10, 10.00, 100.00 micromol/L (P > 0.05). The contents of TNF-alpha were 1175 +/- 162, 859 +/- 122, 645 +/- 142, 489 +/- 102 ng/L, respectively,after treatment of 10, 20, 40, 80 micromol/L REMP2, which were obviously lower than that of NS (3463 +/- 218 ng/L, P < 0.01). Under transmission electron microscope, the outer and interior membranes of Escherichia coli were obscure and rough, bacterial bodies were swollen with vacuoles in cytoplasm after treatment with REMP2.

CONCLUSIONREMP2 has ability of neutralizing endotoxin and also antibacterial activity.

Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides ; Arthropod Proteins ; Cells, Cultured ; Escherichia coli ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Invertebrate Hormones ; pharmacology ; Limulus Test ; Lipopolysaccharides ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Macrophages ; metabolism ; Mice ; Peptide Fragments ; pharmacology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo reproduce a Kunming murine endotoxin shock model suitable for the anti-endotoxin pharmaceutical research.

METHODSKunming mice were challenged with an intraperitoneal (i. p.) injection of different doses of D-galactosamine (D-Gal) and endotoxin (LPS) and divided into 10 groups: i.e, group 1 [with injection of isotonic saline solution (NS) and LPS]; group 2 (with injection of NS and 90mg/kg LPS), group 3 (with injection of NS and 500mg/kg D-Gal), group 4 (with injection of 500mg/kgD-Gal and 25 microg /kg LPS), group 5 (with injection of 500mg/kg D-Gal and 50 microg/kg LPS), group 6(with injection of 500mg/kg D-Gal and 250 microg/kg LPS), group 7( with injection of NS and 600mg/ kg D-Gal), group 8 (with injection of 600mg/kg D-Gal and 10 microg/kg LPS), group 9( with injection of 600mg/kg D-Gal and 25 microg/kg LPS), group 10 (with injection of 600mg/kg D-Gal and 50 microg/kg LPS). The death of the mice were observed and the mortality rate was recorded at 48 post-injection hour (PIH). The dose of D-Gal and LPS which caused 100% lethality was chosen for the subsequent experiment to serve as control group (with injection of NS and 600mg/kg D-Gal), LPS group (with injection of 600mg/kg D-Gal and 580mg/kg LPS for later experiment). The venous blood of the mice were collected for the detection of serum content of TNF-alpha with ELISA method at 30, 75 and 120 post-injection minutes (PIM). The tissues of lung, liver, intestine were also harvested at 5 PIH for the pathological examination.

RESULTSThe lethality of mice was 100% in the groups 2, 6 and 10 (P < 0.01). The serum content of TNF-alpha was maintained in a low level in control group, but it increased remarkably in LPS group, and it reached peak at 75 PIM (6365 +/- 2087ng/L, P < 0.01). Obvious inflammatory reaction was observed in the lung, liver and intestine in LPS group, while only mild inflammatory reaction was observed in liver in control group.

CONCLUSIONThe Kunming mice showed signs of endotoxin shock after D-galactosamine presensitizing and endotoxin challenge, and it is suitable for anti-endotoxin pharmaceutical research.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Galactosamine ; adverse effects ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Serum ; chemistry ; Shock, Septic ; chemically induced ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of multidrug resistant protein 2 (MRP2) and glutathione (GSH) cotransport system in hepatic arsenic metabolism in rats.

METHODSThirty healthy Wistar rats were divided randomizedly into five groups. The first group was the control group and the rats in this group were administered with normal saline. In the second, third and fourth group the rats were administered with 4, 10 and 20 mg As(+)3/kg BW of sodium arsenite respectively every other day for two weeks. The fifth group was the benzene-soluble organics (BSO) intervention group and in this group the rats were administered with 2 mmol/kg BW BSO intraperitoneally every day three days before the end of the experiment. The other treatment was the same as in other groups. All rats were sacrificed two weeks after the treatments. Arsenic contents in bile, liver and blood were detected by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and the expression of MRP2 in the membrane of hepatocyte was determined by Western-blot analysis.

RESULTSThe level of total arsenic (including organic arsenic and inorganic arsenic) in bile, liver and blood in all three different dose groups was higher than those in the control groups (P < 0.05). Arsenic levels of bile and liver were increased with intragastric arsenic dose. Blood arsenic levels were not significantly different in three different dose groups. Expression of hepatic MRP2 was increased with intragastric arsenic concentration. A positive correlation between biliary arsenic concentration and MRP2 levels was found in liver (r = 0.986, P < 0.05). For the rats pretreated with BSO, the biliary arsenic was significantly higher than that in the control group but lower than that in the high dose group; the liver and blood arsenic was higher than that in the control group and in the high dose group. Expression of MRP2 pretreated with BSO was decreased.

CONCLUSIONSodium arsenite can induce expression of MRP2 and the up-regulation of MRP2 may play an important role in the bile secretion of arsenite and its metabolites. The function of MRP2 for transportation of arsenic and its metabolites is associated with the intracellular GSH level. BSO inhibits the synthesis of GSH, which weakens the function of the MRP2-GSH cotransport system and makes the liver arsenic increased.

Animals ; Arsenic ; pharmacokinetics ; Arsenic Poisoning ; metabolism ; Bile ; metabolism ; Female ; Glutathione ; biosynthesis ; Liver ; metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; biosynthesis ; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins ; biosynthesis ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Up-Regulation