AIMTo ascertain the bioactivity and to analyse quantificationally the denervating action of botulinum toxin A (BTXA) in gel.

METHODS36 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups. In group A - D, the gastrocnemius muscle of one leg was randomly selected to receive injection of BTXA solution 5U in 0.1 ml, BTXA gel 12.5U in 0.1 ml, BTXA gel 5U in 0.1 ml and BTXA gel 2U in 0.1 ml respectively, while the gastrocnemius muscle of other leg was injected with 0.1 ml of saline solution in group A and 0.1 ml of gel in group B to group D as control. Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) of both gastrocnemius muscles were measured and the amplitudes were recorded before injections, and 5 days, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months and 3 months after the injections respectively.

RESULTSThe reduction of CMAP amplitude was significantly different at various time (P < 0.01), and CMAP amplitude decreased significantly after the treatment of BTXA (P < 0.01). The reduction of CMAP amplitude was significantly dif ferent in group A to I) (P < 0.01), and more reduction was found in group A and B (P < 0.01), and the reduction was higher in group C than in group D (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the reduction of CMAP amplitude between group A and group B.

CONCLUSIONBioactivity of BTXA in gel was showed and the denervating action of BTXA in gel was demonstrated in a dosage and time dependent manner.

Animals ; Botulinum Toxins, Type A ; administration & dosage ; Dosage Forms ; Female ; Gels ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Mice ; Muscle Denervation ; methods ; Muscle, Skeletal ; innervation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Solutions

OBJECTIVETo describe geographical distribution and its transition of mortality of cancers in China.

METHODSThe information of 2 513 949 310 person years were collected in 1973-1975 and 142 660 482 person years in 2004-2005 respectively. Being standardizing the death rates of these two survey with 2000 national census population, the changes of mortality of main cancers was observed and the geographic distribution of cancers in 2004-2005 was analyzed.

RESULTSA total of 1 865 445 cancer deaths were collected in 1973-1975, the standardized death rate was 99.61/100 000, and 193 839 cancer deaths were collected in 2004-2005, the standardized death rate was 123.72/100 000, with growth of 24.20%. District mortality analysis showed that the provincial standardized cancer death rates varied greatly, with the highest in Heilongjiang (7443 cases, 183.34/100 000), and the lowest in Yunnan (2454 cases, 61.03/100 000). The highest standardized death rate of esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, leukemia, female breast cancer, cervical cancer was in Henan (3535 cases, 32.95/100 000), Gansu (1333 cases, 59.35/100 000), Heilongjiang (1640 cases, 38.63/100 000), Shanghai (390 cases, 11.58/100 000), Heilongjiang (2382 cases, 60.15/100 000), Hainan (36 cases, 7.04/100 000), Tianjin (161 cases, 5.45/100 000), Heilongjiang (179 cases, 8.09/100 000), Xinjiang (131 cases, 10.69/100 000) respectively; the lowest standardized cancer death rate of above-mentioned cancers was in Yunnan (63 cases, 1.59/100 000), Beijing (235 cases, 5.95/100 000), Tianjin (454 cases, 10.86/100 000), Tibet (3 cases, 0.82/100 000), Tibet (12 cases, 3.29/100 000), Qinghai (0 case, 0.00/100 000), Tibet (1 cases, 0.28/100 000), Tibet (6 cases, 2.88/100 000), Chongqing (27 cases, 1.02/100 000) respectively.

CONCLUSIONComparing the two surveys, the standardized mortality of cancers was increased. Most of cancers occurred obviously in cluster by geographical distribution.

Cause of Death ; China ; epidemiology ; Demography ; Female ; Geography ; Humans ; Male ; Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Vital Statistics

OBJECTIVETo investigate the risk factors for the development of congenital anal atresia in neonates.

METHODSA total of 70 neonates who were admitted to 17 hospitals in Foshan, China from January 2011 to December 2014 were enrolled as case group, and another 70 neonates who were hospitalized during the same period and had no anal atresia or other severe deformities were enrolled as control group. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the risk factors for the development of congenital anal atresia.

RESULTSThe univariate analysis revealed that the age of mothers, presence of oral administration of folic acid, infection during early pregnancy, and polyhydramnios, and sex of neonates showed significant differences between the case and control groups (P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that infection during early pregnancy (OR=18.776) and male neonates (OR=9.304) were risk factors for congenital anal atresia, and oral administration of folic acid during early pregnancy was the protective factor (OR=0.086).

CONCLUSIONSInfection during early pregnancy is the risk factor for congenital anal atresia, and male neonates are more likely to develop congenital anal atresia than female neonates. Supplementation of folic acid during early pregnancy can reduce the risk of congenital anal atresia.

Anus, Imperforate ; etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Risk Factors