Distribution channel of Chinese herbal medicines has been changing. From Han to Ming Dynasty, Chinese herbal medicine were mainly trafficked to urban by dealers or farmers; From the Ming Dynasty to the foundation of new China, distribution channels are primarily intermediated with township "bazaar" and national distribution center with fixed place and regularly trading hours. In the planned economy period, the state-owned herbal medicine company was the sole medium with monopoly nature. From the mid1980s to the end of last century, planned economy and market economy have been co-existing. Stepping into 21st century, producing area highlighted in the distribution channels. Presence or absence and rise or fall of different types of distribution market went throughout the changing process of distribution channels, which became an important clue. Changes were motivated by economical consideration of channel subject, which originated from commodity characteristic and social environment changes.
Cities ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; economics ; supply & distribution ; Economic Development ; Marketing

Objective To study whether carbon dioxide used to establish pneumoperitoneum has an influence on port-site and intraperitoneal implantation and metastasis of tumor cells. Methods R 15 hepatic cancer cells were injected into 30 Wistar rats’ peritoneal cavities 1 hour before operation, then the 30 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: gasless group, helium group and carbon dioxide group. The suspension was exposed to the gas environment for 2 hours, all animals were killed after 28 days and the port-site and intraperitoneal implantation and metastasis of tumor cells were examined.Results On port-site, intestinal serous coat, mesentery, greater omentum and diaphragm, the weights of tumor cells, in carbon dioxide group were (326.7?230.3) mg, (626.2?215.9) mg, (476.2?204.8) mg,(2 536.5?906.7) mg and (384.5?149.9) mg respectively; in helium group were (235.6?107.3) mg, (414.2?148.4) mg, (261.8?92.6) mg, (1 633.4?247.3) mg and(220.0?57.9) mg; in gasless group were (145.0?42.4) mg, (221.5?108.2) mg, (212.5?109.6) mg, (797.5?335.9) mg and 113.0 mg.The weights of carbon dioxide group showed a significant increase, compared with helium group and gasless group (P 0.05). Conclusion The insufflation of carbon dioxide promotes intraperitoneal tumor implantation and growth compared with helium and gaslessness in a rat model.

OBJECTIVETo explore the role of abnormal Tbx3 expression in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.

METHODThe total RNA of 4 breast cancer cell lines and 5 normal breast samples was extracted by routine Trizol method. After reverse transcription of the total RNA into cDNA, Tbx3 mRNA expression was detected in these samples by real-time PCR. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the differences in Tbx3 protein expression between 60 breast cancer samples and 34 normal breast tissue samples.

RESULTSCompared to normal breast tissue samples, the breast cancer cell lines showed markedly increased Tbx3 mRNA expression. The results of immunohistochemistry demonstrated a significant upregulation of Tbx3 protein expression in the 60 breast cancer tissues in comparison with the normal breast tissues, as was consistent with Tbx3 mRNA expressions in these tissue samples.

CONCLUSIONSThe mRNA and protein expressions of Tbx3 are markedly upregulated in breast cancer cell lines and tissue samples, suggesting that Tbx3 may serve as one of the malignant biomarkers in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; genetics ; metabolism ; Breast ; cytology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Breast Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; T-Box Domain Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Up-Regulation

OBJECTIVE To study the isolation and resistance tendency of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii to antimicrobial agents from 1998 to 2004 to provide valuable data for infection prevention and therapy. METHODS We reviewed the isolation rates,distribution in clinical specimens and wards,and the resistance rates of(A.calcoaceticus-baumannii)to 14 kinds of antimicrobial agents from 1998 to 2004. RESULTS There was an increasing tendency of isolation rates of A.calcoaceticus-baumannii every year,which was 0.18% in 1998 but 1.48% in 2004.In the seven years,there was the highest isolation rate of 70.58% in specimens from respiratory tract,the next was from the urine(9.42%),and blood(4.63%).Concerning the wards distribution,ICU had the highest rate of 47.28%.In 1998,A.calcoaceticus-baumannii had resistance rates more than 50% only to one kind of antimicrobial agents(aztreonam),but in 2004,it had increased to thirteen kinds(except cefoperazone/sulbactam).About the fourteen kinds of antimicrobial agents we inspected,that were increased in their resistance rate.The highest increasing of resistance rate was ceftazidime from 11.1% in 1998 to 88.9% in 2004,the imipenem was second for 0.0% to 64.8%,and the third was sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim form 0.0% to 64.0%,while there still was an increasing resistance tendency to them. CONCLUSIONS The clinical isolation rate of A.calcoaceticus-baumannii is increasing,and it has higher resistance rates to many antimicrobial agents as well as an increasing resistance tendency to relatively susceptive antimicrobial agents every year.So physicians should prescribe on the basis of antimicrobial agents susceptibility tests in vitro.

AIM: To establish an experimental model of high intraocular pressure in mice by laser photocoagulation and to prepare for future research.
METHODS: Experimental model of high intraocular pressure was induced unilaterally in 44 C57BL/6 mice. The fellow eye served as a control. TONO-PEN AVIA Tonomter was used to measure intraocular pressure (IOP) to guarantee IOP value at 1, 2, 4, 8wk. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy was performed throughout the period and the structural changes were assessed histologically. And then, their eyes were enucleated, postfixed, cryoprotected, and embedded in optimal cutting temperature medium. After hematoxylin and eosin stain ( HE stain ) , cryosections of the retina were observed under light microscope. TdT-mediated biotin-dUTP nick end labeling ( TUNEL ) was performed on the retinal sections to determine apoptosis rate.
RESULTS: IOP of laser-treated eyes was significantly higher than that of control eyes from 1-8wk (P<0. 05). The highest IOP was 31mmHg, but only one eye. The IOP was mainly around 20mmHg. In laser-treated eyes, the angle of anterior chamber were narrow. Number of cells in the inner nuclear layer and retial gangllion cell layer was slightly lower than that in control eyes at 2wk, but by 4 and 8wk the number of cells was significantly lower than that in the control contralateral eyes.
CONCLUSION: The laser photocoagulation of limbus causes chronic elevation of IOP and this method may be a promising experimental model for the investigation of biological mechanisms of glaucomatous retinal ganglion cell damage.

OBJECTIVETo observe the influence of heat shock preconditioning on the expressions of heat shock protein (HSP) 60 and HSP 70 and on the activities of cytochrome oxidase (CCO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in mitochondria in gastric mucosa of severely scalded rats, and to investigate its protective mechanism on acute gastric mucosal lesion in rats with severe scald.

METHODSOne hundred and forty-four Wistar rats were randomized into three groups, i. e. scald group ( n = 40, acute gastric mucosal lesion was made after scald, other 8 normal rats without scald were employed as blank control); HS group ( n =40, with heat shock preconditioning 20 h before scald), and other 8 rats preconditioned with heat shock but without scald were employed as experimental control I; actinomycin D group ( n = 40, with intraperitoneal injection of 0. 1 mg/kg actinomycin D 30 min before heat shock preconditioning and other treatment as HS group), and other 8 rats with merely actinomycin D injection were employed as experimental control II. Eight rats in each group were sacrificed and laparotomized at 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 post-scald hours (PSH) , respectively to determine the index of gastric mucosal lesions (UI ) , the mRNA expressions of HSP70 and protein expression of HSP60 and HSP70, and the changes in the activities of SOD and CCO.

RESULTSUI of the scalded rats increased as the time elapses, reaching the peak (12. 8 +/- 1.9) at 24 PSH. In addition, UI in HS group was significantly lower than that in scald group at each time-point except that at 3 PSH ( P < 0. 05 or 0. 01). The extent of gastric mucosal lesion in rats in actinomycin D group was obviously aggravated compared with that in scald and HS groups ( P <0. 05). The HSP70 mRNA expression in both scald and HS groups was increased at each time-points except for 48PBH, while that in actinomycin D group was increased at 24 PBH and 48PBH. The expressions of HSP70 and HSP60 were greatly increased in HS group compared with those in scald group ( P < 0. 05 or 0. 01) , while those in actinomycin D group were significantly inhibited ( P < 0. 05). The activities of CCO and SOD were gradually decreased in gastric mucosa in scald group, but it was greatly improved by HS preconditioning at 6, 12, 24 PSH ( P < 0. 05 or 0. 01).

CONCLUSIONHeat shock preconditioning is beneficial for the protection of acute gastric mucosal lesion of rats after severe scald, due to increase of HPS60 and HSP70 expression, and increase of CCO and SOD activities in mitochondria.

Animals ; Burns ; metabolism ; pathology ; Chaperonin 60 ; metabolism ; Electron Transport Complex IV ; metabolism ; Female ; Gastric Mucosa ; metabolism ; pathology ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins ; metabolism ; Heat-Shock Response ; Male ; Mitochondrial Proteins ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study different effects of Herba Lycopodii (HL) Alcohol Extracted Granule combined methylprednisolone on behavioral changes, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression levels, and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor levels in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI).

METHODSMale adult SD rats were randomly divided into five groups, i.e., the sham-operation group, the model group, the HL treatment group, the methylprednisolone treatment group, the HL + methylprednisolone treatment group. Rats in the HL treatment group were intragastrically administered with HL at the daily dose of 50 mg/kg for 5 successive days. Rats in the methylprednisolone treatment group were intramuscularly injected with 50 mg/kg methylprednisolone within 8 h after spinal cord contusion, and then the dose of methylprednisolone was reduced for 10 mg/kg for 5 successive days. Rats in the HL + methylprednisolone treatment group received the two methods used for the aforesaid two groups. Basso Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) score (for hindlimb motor functions) were assessed at day 0, 3, 7, and 28 after operation. At day 13 after SCI, injured spinal T8-10 was taken from 8 rats of each group and stored in liquid nitrogen. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor affinity (Kd) and the maximal binding capacity (Bmax) were determined using [3H]MK-801 radioactive ligand assay. Rats' injured spinal cords were taken for immunohistochemical assay at day 28 after SCI. Expression levels of BDNF in the ventral and dorsal horn of the spinal cord were observed.

RESULTSCompared with the sham-operation group, the number of BDNF positive neurons in the ventral and dorsal horn of the spinal cord increased in the model group, Bmax increased (470 ± 34), Kd decreased, and BBB scores decreased at day 3 -28 (all P <0. 05). Compared with the SCI model group, the number of BDNF positive neurons and Kd increased, BBB scores at day 3 -28 increased (P <0. 05) in each medicated group. Bmax was (660 ± 15) in the methylprednisolone treatment group, (646 ± 25) in the HL treatment group, and (510 ± 21) in the HL +methylprednisolone treatment group (P <0. 05). Compared with the methylprednisolone treatment group, the number of BDNF positive neurons and Kd increased, BBB scores at day 7 -28 increased, and Bmax decreased in the HL treatment group and the HL + methylprednisolone treatment group (all P <0. 05). Compard with the HL treatment group, the number of BDNF positive neurons and Kd increased, and Bmax decreased (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSHL could effectively improve motor functions of handlimbs, increase expression levels of BDNF in the spinal cord, and lessen secondary injury by affecting spinal levels of NMDA receptors. It showed certain therapeutic and protective roles in treating SCI. Its effect was better than that of methylprednisolone with synergism.

Animals ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Ethanol ; Male ; Methylprednisolone ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Models, Animal ; N-Methylaspartate ; metabolism ; Neurons ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; drug therapy ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo develop an HPLC method for determining oxyphyllenodiol A (1) and teuhetenone A (2) contained in Alpinia oxyphylla and to compare the contents of the two components contained in medicinal materials and prepared herbal medicines in pieces sold in the market and different fractions.

METHODHPLC and Waters sunfire C18 column (4. 6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) were adopted for gradient elute with the mobile phase of acetonitrile and water. The flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1) and the detection wavelength was 250 nm.

RESULT1 and 2 showed a good linear relationship within the range of 0.1296 - 0.8640 microg and 0.1635 - 1.0900 microg respectively, with the average recoveries of 99.08% and 97.80%. Their content ranges were 0.0059% - 0.0149% and 0.0080% - 0.0164% in different samples. The mean value of 1 and 2 were 0.0085% and 0.0104% in the whole fruits, and 0.0137% and 0.0157% in the seeds. They were undetected in the nutshells.

CONCLUSIONThe method is so precise, accurate and highly reproducible that it can be used to determine the contents of oxyphyllenodiol A and teuhetenone A in A. oxyphylla. The contents of the two components are mainly extracted from the seeds, with certain difference among different samples. There are a higher contents and no significant difference in the salted and raw seeds.

Alpinia ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Sesquiterpenes ; analysis ; isolation & purification

Danggui, Agelicae Sinensis Radix, is a widely used Chinese herb to enrich blood, but its quality cannot be effectively assessed by the known chemical markers such as ferulic acid, ligustilide, polysaccharides, etc. A new bioassay was therefore developed to quantify the Enrich-Blood Bioactivity (EBB) for the quality assessment of Danggui raw materials. Danggui sample was first extracted with ethanol and water, respectively. Then the ethanolic extract and water extract were mixed as a test sample to quantify the amount of EBB by mice experiment. The blood deficiency mode in mice was developed by intraperitoneal injecting cyclophospharmide and phenylhdrazine hydrochloride. The quantity of red blood cell was chosen as EBB marker. Cyclosporine A was chosen as a control substance. EBB in analytes was quantified by the amount reaction of parallel line analysis (3, 3') method. The results indicated that the reliability test for quantifying EBB was passed through and the measured value was valid. The analytes showed the significant EBB (P < 0.05). The correlation coefficient was 0.9984 (n=5) between the amount of cyclosporine A (0.035-0.56 g x kg(-1)) and the increased number of red blood cell. The relative standard deviation (RSY) on the amount of EBB was estimated to be 6.15% (n = 6) by six replicated tests, and the confidence limit rate was 26.68% (n = 6). Five Danggui samples, which were collected from different cultivation areas with various morphological characters, showed the variety of EBB in the range of 21.95-44.16 U x g(-1). It is concluded that the developed method is accurate to quantify the EBB of Danggui raw materials, and is therefore suitable to assess its quality.
Angelica sinensis ; chemistry ; Animals ; Biological Assay ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Erythrocyte Count ; Erythrocytes ; drug effects ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Plant Roots ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo define a correlation between different human papillomavirus (HPV) types and telomerase activity in cervical cancer.

METHODSTelomerase activity was detected by TRAP-PCR, and different HPV type was determined by PCR in 83 cervical cancer, 47 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and 10 normal cervix cases.

RESULTSWith regard to positive rates of telomerase and HPV 16/18: the results were cervical cancer > CIN > normal cervix, CIN III > CIN I, II; with regard to HPV 6/11 positive rate: the results showed CIN I, II > CIN III. Positive rates of telomerase cervical cancer and HPV were bearing on grading and staging, but they did not correlate with histologic subtypes. Positive rate of HPV 6/11 had nothing to do with grading, staging and histologic patterns. On expression strength of telomerase and HPV 16/18: the results showed cervical cancer > CIN, CIN III > CIN I, II. Regard to HPV 6/11'expression strength: the results showed CIN I, II > CIN III, CIN > cervical carcinoma.

CONCLUSIONHPV 16/18 infection seemed to have played an important role in carcinogenesis of cervical lesions by activation of telomerase.

Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; enzymology ; pathology ; virology ; Female ; Humans ; Neoplasm Staging ; Papillomaviridae ; isolation & purification ; Telomerase ; metabolism ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; enzymology ; pathology ; virology