Objective: To explore the clinical values of using flexible multi-analyte profiling (xMAP) technology for detection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV). Methods: Six hundred and thirty eight cervical exfoliated cell samples were collected from women who lived in the region with high-incidence of cervical cancer in Shanxi province. The samples were tested with xMAP technology and Hybrid Capture 2 ® Assay (hc2). Pathological diagnosis was used as a hallmark to evaluate the detection results. HR-HPV infection rate and its genotyping distribution were analyzed and the coincidence of two methods above was assessed. Results: The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of xMAP technology were 77.78%, 93.59% and 92.42%, respectively. The negative and positive predictive values were 98.13% and 49.30%, respectively. The prevalence rate of HR-HPV was 11.7%. HPV16 and 52 were the dominant types in non-neoplastic disease and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 1; HPV16 and 58 were the most common types in CIN2 samples; HPV16 was the most frequent type in CIN3 and cervical cancer. The lesion progress was positively related to the infection rate of HPV16, 52 or 58 (P<0.01). The Kappa value for agreement between xMAP technology and hc2 was 0.60. Conclusions: Compared with the hc2 test, the xMAP technology was highly specific, and the sensitivity is 77.78%. The agreement of these two methods is satisfactory. More improvements should be made to elevate the sensitivity of xMAP method and to increase the numbers of genotypes that can be detected.

Objective To discuss the video-urodynamic characteristics and management in infra-sacral cord injured patients. Methods The video-urodynamic finding and managements in 169 patients was reviewed. They were followed up for 2 years. Results Detrusor areflexia was found in 76.33% (129/169) patients, among them there were 27.22% (46/169) patients appeared hyper-compliance, and 7.10% (12/169) patients appeared reflux. The video-urodynamic characteristics showed over activity and low-compliance in 12.43% (21/169) patients, including reflux in 5 cases. Different management was chosen according to the video-urodynamic examination. No special complication was observed after 2 years follow-up. Conclusion The majority patients with infra-sacral cord injury appeared detrusor areflexia and hyper-compliance. Special management according to the video-urodynamic characteristics is important for protecting upper urinary tract and preventing urinary system infection.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A) injection into detrusor to treat neurogenic detrusor overactivity in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI).Methods A total of 78 patients with SCI were treated with transurethral injection of BTX-A (300 IU dissolved in 15 ml of saline) into 30 different points of detrusor with 15 ml in every patients. Urodynamic parameters and voiding diary were assessed at baseline and 3 weeks and 3 months after the injections. Adverse events were recorded after the injection if present.Results After the first injection, 78 patients showed that the mean frequencies of incontinence decreased from 13.5 to 2.7 times per day, the mean volume of intermittent catheterization (IC) increased from 131 ml to 389 ml per time, the mean volume of incontinence decreased from 1 690 ml to 281 ml per day, the mean getting effect time was 7.6 days. 10 patients received second injection at 8.9 months after first injection, the results showed that the mean frequencies of incontinence decreased from 9.7 to 3.7 times per day, the mean IC volume increased from 108 ml to 387 ml. 6 patients received third injection at 5.8 months after second injection, the results showed that the mean frequencies of incontinence decreased from 9.2 to 3.9 times per day, the mean IC volume increased from 116 ml to 364 ml. No side effects were observed during the follow-up.Conclusion BTX-A injection into detrusor to treat neurogenic detrusor overactivity in patients with SCI seems to be an effective, safe and miniinvasive solution.

Cooperation hydrogen production was carried out using Rhodopseudomonas sp. DT and Enterobacter aerogenes. The effects of the initial ratio of Rhodopseudomonas sp. DT and E. aerogenes, culture temperature, and carbon source on the cooperation hydrogen production were investigated. The results suggested that cooperation hydrogen production rate was highly affected by the initial ratio of Rhodopseudomonas sp. DT and E. aerogenes. The mixed bacteria of Rhodopseudomonas sp. DT and E. aerogenes with 1:1 initial ratio benefited to the cooperation hydrogen production, which led the hydrogen production rate and duration of gas production to 3.1 mol H2/mol glucose and 81 h, respectively. The pH dynamics analysis of culture medium further discovered that the pH of the mixed bacteria with 1:1 initial ratio changed from 6 to 7 smaller than other conditions, which was probably fitted to produce hydrogen. Furthermore, the mixed bacteria with 1:1 initial ratio had the higher hydrogen production efficiency at temperatures of 28?C and 37?C than at 20?C, and without any hydrogen production at temperature of 50?C. The carbon sources of glucose, succinate acid, malic acid could be used to produce hydrogen by the mixed bacteria. Even the soluble starch, unused by Rhodopseudomonas sp. DT, was also decomposed by the mixed bacteria to produce hydrogen with the conversion efficiency of 8.22%. The glucose was the optimal carbon resource, and the conversion efficiency could reach to 36.11%. The results, further, implied that the cooperation hydrogen production could enlarge the use of the carbon sources.

The traditional conotation of combination of disease and syndrome means the combination of disease differentiation in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diseases and TCM syndrome differentiation,which was derived from the Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic.And the Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases describes the clinical application of this theory.Under the background of integrative medicine,the modern conotation of combination of disease and syndrome means TCM syndrome differentiation and treatment based on modern medicine disease differentiation,which is commonly used in the current clinical practice.The disease and syndrome combination diagnosis mode based on syndrome,etiology,pathology and pharmacology can understand the disease from a multiple and comprehensive level,in order to realize the combination and complementation of advantages from both medicines.In addition,formula-syndrome relation means the relationship between the formula and its relevant indications.In general,indications often involve syndromes,symptoms,diseases and body constitutions.And the application of formula in the Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases is the representative of this theory.Hence,the application of associated classical formula gives example to the clinical formula-syndrome relation application in modem times.

Objective To explore the technique, efficacy and complications of transurethral sphincterotomy with Holmium laser for the treatment of male patients with neurogenic bladder and examine its long-term outcome. Methods 20 male cases who received transurethral sphincterotomy with Holmium laser were included in this retrospective analysis, in which 7 cases injuried at cervical spinal cord, 6 at thoracic spinal cord, 3 at cauda equine; 1 was spinal meningocele, 1 was sacral crack, 1 was ependymoma, and 1 was myelitis sequel. The age was 20~64 years, averaged 45.1 years. They were followed up for 3~95 months (averaged 43.6 months) since the last sphincterotomy. Results The 20 patients significantly improved in symptoms, laboratory examination, imaging demonstration and urodynamic index after the operation.There were 3 patients who required repeated laser surgery during the follow- up. 17 patients were stable. Conclusion Transurethral sphincterotomy with Holmium laser is effective on neurogenic bladder with less bleeding for the appropriately selected patients.

Objective To explore the technique,efficacy and complications of external sphincterotomy with Holmium laser for the treatment of detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia (DSD). Methods 7 male cases with neurogenic DSD who received the procedure were reported. Results All patients got significant improvement after the operation in symptoms,laboratory,imaging and urodynamic index. No one required transfusion. 1 case lost the erection. There was no need of re-operation during the follow-up. Conclusion External sphincterotomy with Holmium laser for the treatment of DSD shows the advantages of less bleeding,safety and good effectiveness for the well selected patients.

ObjectiveTo observe the effects of intravesical electric stimulation (IVES) on bladder sensation of neurogenic bladder.Methods28 patients with neurogenic bladder was evaluated, which all underwent intravesical bladder stimulation. Their bladder sensation were analyzed before and after the treatment.Results57.1% of the patients increased bladder sensation after treatment, 32.1% appeared the first sensation and urge sensation after treatment, 42.9% remained stable.ConclusionIntravesical bladder stimulation is effective to improve bladder sensation in a majority of the patients with neurogenic bladder.

ObjectiveTo study risk factors of urinary calculus formation in spinal cord injured patients. MethodsThe clinical data of 128 patients with spinal cord injury following urinary calculi were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsAmong the 128 cases, there were 32 cases receiving bladder stoma; 34 cases, regular replacement of indwelling catheter; 12 cases, intermittent catheterization; 19 cases, triggered reflex voiding; 11 cases, voiding by abdominal straining; 20 cases, condom catheters with urine collection devices. 120 cases presented with urinary tract infection, and 11 cases presented serum calcium increase. Video urodynamic suggested detrusor areflexia in 39 cases, detrusor overactivity in 63 cases, detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia in 41 cases, detrusor bladder neck dyssynergia in 11 cases, external urethral sphincter overactivity in 27 cases, and urethral sphincter deficiency in 11 cases. The pathology of several physiological conditions coexisted in some patients.ConclusionBladder management after spinal cord injury have a major impact on urinary stones formation. Low urinary tract infection, detrusor-urethral sphincter dyssynergia and other lower urinary tract dysfunction, long-term indwelling urinary catheter and cystostomy were main risk factors for urinary calculus formation. The abnormal calcium metabolism after spinal cord injury may be a risk factor for calculus formation.

Objective To investigate the effect of Holmium laser urethrotomy under ureteroscopy on urethral stricture.Methods 30 men with urethral stricture who accepted urethrotomy with Holmium laser under ureteroscopy were observed.Results Operation was performed successfully in 21 cases;7 cases underwent 2～3 endoscopic surgical treatments.Endoscopic surgical treatment failed in 2 cases,and open surgery were performed on them.21 cases were followed up for 3～37 months,and 8 of them need urethral dilatation termly.Conclusion Endoscopic surgery with ureteroscopy and Holmium laser may be effective on urethral stricture with slight trauma.