Background The visual system of animal have to optimally adjust in various environmental conditions in order to obtain stable and effective visual funetion.However,the color vision system of animals which encounter uncertainty of spectral signals should be plastic.Whether the densities of various cones and expression of opsins change with long-time spectral deprivation is unclear.Objective This study was to investigate the changes of cone density as well as the expression of corresponding opsin and mRNA following the long-term illumination of monochromatic light.Methods Thirty 3-day-old guinea pigs were randomized into 3 groups and exposed tO the 530 nm green light,400 nm purple light and white light for consecutive 8 weeks respectively.The flat-mounted retinal sample was prepared and divided into dorsal zone,ventral zone and mixed zone anatomically according to the distribution of difierent light-sensitive cone.The changes in density of cone cells sensitivited to different colored light were detected by single-1abel or double-label immunocytochemistry.The levels of opsin and its mRNA were determined using Western-blot and real-time PCR respectively.Results The density of green-sensitivity cones was significantly different in the dorsal zone of retina among green light group,purple light group and white light group (F=234.28,P<0.01).Compared with white light group,the density of green-sensitive cones in dorsal retina of green light group was obviously higher but that of purple light group wag evidently lower(q=389.68,P<0.01；q=67.11,P<0.01).No significant difference was found in the density of purple-sensitive cones in the ventral zone of retina among green light group,purple light group and white light group(F=3.14,P>0.05).The density of coexpression of the mixed cone cells was increased in green light group(q=157.55,P<0.01)but decreased in purple light roup (q=254.85,P<0.01)in comparison with white light group.The expression levels of green-opsin and green-opsin mRNA in green light group was significantly elevated(q=184.45,P<0.01；q=4.71,P<0.05),but those of purple light group were evidently declined(q=5.87,P<0.05；q=346.66,P<0.01)in comparison with white light group.There was no statistically significant differences were found in the expression of purple-opsin and its mRNA among all the groups(F=1.24,P>0.05；F=3.27,P>0.05).Conclusion After the exposure of long-time monochromatic light illumination,monochromatic cones density and its opsin in guinea pig occur the corresponding alteration to gain good spatial vision as a compensatory reaction.These outcomes imply that there is some plasticity during the development of color vision.The increase of green-sensitive cones might be from the differentiation of coexpression cones in transition region.

Objective To investigate the effect of the side of cerebral lesion on the outcome in patients with ischemic stroke.Methods A total of 407 consecutive anterior circulation ischemic stroke patients within 14 days after symptom onset were recruited prospectively.The basic data ofthe e,~ISes were collected,such as the National Institutes ofHealth Stroke Scale (NU-ISS)and the side ofcerebral lesion.The modified Rankin Scale(mRS)was used to evaluate the prognosis of the patients at 6 raomhs.Results Of the 407 patients recruited,230 patients (56.5%)Were left hemisphere stroke,177(43.5%)were fight hemisphere stroke.After multivariable logistic recession analysis,the age(odds ratio[OR]1.022,95% confidence interval[CI]1.001-1.043,P=0.040),the side of lesion(OR 1.999.95%CI1.179.3.389.P=0.010),the time from onset to admission(OR1.006,95%(7/1.002-1.010,P=0.007),the outcome of the anterior circulation ischcmic stroke at 6 months aftel"onset.The outcome of the right hemisphere stroke Was significantly worse than that of the left hemisphere stroke.The onset-admission time in patients with right hemisphere stroke(median 12 h,median 39.61 h)was significantly delayed compared to the patients with left hemisphere stroke(median 12 h,median 22.72 h;Z=-2.962,P=0.003).Condusions The outcome of the left hemisphere stroke at 6 months after onset is superior to the right hemisphere stroke,and it mau be associated with the delayed admission.

Objective To investigate the application of statins in secondary prevention of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attacks (TIA) in different risk groups,and to identify the factors influencing the compliance of statins. Methods Data were prospectively collected on consecutively encountered ischemic stroke or TIA patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from April 2009 to January 2010.All clinical characteristics and possible factors influencing the compliance of statins were collected; the application of statins was investigated at 3-month follow-up.The multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used for the analysis of influence factors of the compliance of statins.Results All 369 patients were collected,52.8％ of cases were prescribed statins for therapy during hospitalization.The application rate of statins in accordance with guidelines in high-risk group,extremely high-risk Ⅱ group and extremely high-risk Ⅰ group was 25.0％ (16/64),44.1％ (30/68) and 71.4％ (135/189),respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that the statins application during hospitalization was associated with diabetes history ( P =0.032,OR =1.789,95％ CI 1.052-3.043 ) and the presence of carotid vulnerable plaques(P =0.000,OR =5.308,95％ CI 3.340-8.434).The general application rate of statins was 22.3％ (81/363),which was significantly lower than that during hospitalization. The application rate of statins in accordance with guidelines in high-risk group,extremely high-risk Ⅱ group and extremely high-risk Ⅰ group was 9.7％ ( 6/62 ),25.8％ (17/66) and 29.4％ (55/187) respectively.Logistic regression analysis showed that good compliance of statins was associated with discharge instructions on statins application ( P =0.000,OR =34.852,95％ CI 14.673-175.452 ). Conclusions The compliance of statins in secondary prevention of ischemic stroke and TIA is poor,and there is still a large gap between clinical practice and guidelines; Discharge instructions on statins application increase the compliance of statins.

Objective To study a possible correlation between the duration of reproductive period ( from puberty to menopause) and the prognosis of ischemic stroke. Methods Female in-patients with acute ischemic stroke confirmed by CT/MRI in the Neurology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from 09/03/2006 to 08/30/2008 were enrolled in this study. The probable risk factors of prognosis were analyzed and recovery was assessed by modified Rankin score (MRS) at 6 months followup. Multivariate Logistic regression was used for statistic analysis. Results 371 female patients were enrolled. The average age was (66. 2 ± 10. 0) years; average menopause age was (48. 5 ± 3.9 ) years and average duration of reproductive period was (33.3 ± 4. 3) years. There is a negative correlation between the duration and MRS (OR =0. 285, 95% CI: 0. 095-0. 850, P =0.024). There is no correlation between menopause age and prognosis of stroke. Conclusions Duration of reproductive period is a predictor for prognosis of ischemic stroke. Patients with longer reproductive period have better prognosis.

Objective To appraise the bowel control and quality of life after transanal improvement of Soave one-stage pull-through operation for Hirschsprung′s disease(HD) in infants.Methods Twenty-five patients(aged from 2 months to 3 years old) with HD underwent improved endorectal pull-through procedure and postoperative follow-up for 5 months to 6 years(average 4.5 years) including the occurrence of operation related complications sush as bowel control,constipation or postoperative enterocolitis and quality of life.Results Twenty-one patients completed the study were with a mean follow-up.The assessment of anal continence was graded as normal(4 scores),good(3 scores),and fair(2 scores) according to the previous study of other investigators.Of the 21 patients,16 were graded as normal,whereas 4 were as good and 1 fair.One patient developed constipation and 2 patients had postoperative enterocolitis.Conclusion Modified Soave procedure for Hirschsprang′s disease can get a good bowel control outcome and quality of life.

Objective To summarize the management of scrotal gangrene.Methods Totally,14 male patients (mean age,48 years;age range,27-74 years) with scrotal gangrene were treated from August 2003 to June 2005.Among these patients,scrotal gangrene was complicated by perianal and penile gangrene in 2 cases;by perianal,penile and inguinal gangrene in 10 cases;by perianal,penile,inguinal gangrene and abdominal subcutaneous gangrene in 2 cases.Three cases had concomitantly necrosis of the penis;and 5 ca- ses,orchitis.Bacterial cultures were performed in all 14 cases with the positive results.All patients underwent surgical treatment,including PhaseⅠincisions,aggressive debridement,drainage,irrigation,and scrotoplas- ty.After operation they received antibiotic therapy and supporting treatment.Three cases of penile necrosis underwent complete penis amputation and transplanting the urethra before the anus.Five cases of orchitis un- derwent unilateral orchiectomy.Two cases of abdominal gangrene underwent surgical subcutaneous treatment, including incision,aggressive debridement,drainage,and irrigation.Results Twelve cases undergoing scrotoplasty achieved PhaseⅠhealing.Two cases undergoing urethral fistulation recovered well.Ten cases of penile skin gangrene received penile dermatoplasty 1 month later,and then recovered.Two cases who had al- ready had AIDS died 2 or 3 d after operation.Conclusions The management of scrotal gangrene primarily consists of early and aggressive debridement,antibiotic therapy and supporting treatment.The PhaseⅠde- bridement and scrotoplasty as well as drainage are effective for the treatment of scrotal gangrene.

OBJECTIVETo explore the time law of electroacupuncture in regulation of circadian rhythms of the organism.

METHODSEffects of electroacupuncture at "Shenshu" (BL 23) at Zi, Wu, Mao and You periods on circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and core body temperature in hamsters were observed with chronobiological research methods.

RESULTSElectroacupuncture at Wu period could decrease the amplitude of locomotor activity rhythm (P < 0.05), at Mao period could delay the peak phase of circadian rhythm and at You period could advance the peak phase of circadian rhythm (both P < 0.05); and electroacupuncture at Mao period could delay 22.36 degrees and at You period advance 39.32 degrees for the rhythm peak of the circadian rhythm of core body temperature.

CONCLUSIONAcupuncture has a certain effect on circadian rhythm of locomotor activity and core body temperature.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Animals ; Body Temperature ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Circadian Rhythm ; Cricetinae ; Motor Activity

AIMTo study the chemical constituents of Lycianthes biflora.

METHODSColumn chromatography was used to separate the chemical constituents. IR, MS, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and 2D-NMR technique were used to determine the structures of the isolated constituents.

RESULTSFive compounds were isolated from this plant. Their structures were identified to be bifloride A (1), N-trans-cinnamoyltyramine (2), liquiritigenin (3), N-trans-p-coumaroyloctopamine (4), 1-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2-N-2'-hydroxypalmitoyl-sphinga-4- trans-8-trans-dienine (5).

CONCLUSIONCompounds 1 and 2 are new compounds, the others were isolated from this plant for the first time. Compound 2 showed inhibitory effects on P-388.

4-Butyrolactone ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Cinnamates ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Leukemia P388 ; pathology ; Mice ; Molecular Structure ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Solanaceae ; chemistry ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Tyramine ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

Objective To assess the influence of active movement of the affected upper limb on the prognosis for patients after acute cerebral infarction.Methods From 2007 to 2008, 171 consecutive patients with acute cerebral infarction were registered prospectively in this study. Active movement of the hemiplegic upper limb was assessed on the 14th day after stroke onset. Ability in the activities of daily living was assessed using the Barthel index one year later.Results Finger flexion and extension on the 14th day after stroke onset correlated positively with Barthel index scores 1 year later. NIHSS scores at admission, the time interval from onset to admission and stroke history were significant predictors of the prognosis 1 year later.Conclusion Assessing the active movement of the hemiplegic upper limb on the 14th day after stroke has good predictive power for the prognosis of acute cerebral infarction patients.

Objective To investigate the state of drinking water defluorination project in Dagang district and study urinary fluoride levels and detect dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12, and to provide scientific basis for prevention and control of fluorosis. Methods Five defluorination projects in rural streets (towns) with highfluoride water and 2 urban water supply projects were choosen to investigate the running status in Dagang district Tianjin in 2009. Five rural and 2 urban schools were choosen to select 100 children aged 8 to 12 (for gender, age matched) in each primary school to study urinary fluoride levels and detection of dental fluorosis. Results A total of 66 defluorination projects in 73 villages were surveyed, among which 61 projects actually worked normally with using rate 92.4%(61/66). Water qualification of all projects could not be ensured due to direct project managers'lack of necessary expertise. In 2009, water qualification rate were 39.3%(24/61 )among the project normally used,with highlighted problem of biological pollution. A total of 490 children aged 8 - 12 in 5 rural towns were surveyed,dental fluorosis rate were 90%(441/490), and dental fluorosis index were 1.82. A total of 207 children aged 8 - 12in 2 urban areas were surveyed, the detection rate of dental fluorosis was 49.8%(103/207), and dental fluorosis index were 0.86. The urinary fluoride level of 230 children aged 8 - 12 in the 5 villages were surveyed. The Range of geometric mean of urinary fluoride were 1.82 - 2.70 mg/L. The urinary fluoride of 102 children aged 8 - 12 in the 2 urban area were surveyed. The Range of geometric mean of urinary fluoride were 1.53 - 1.72 mg/L. Conclusions There was phenomenon of high coverage, low utilization rate and less water consumption in the villages of Dagang district, Tianjin drinking water defluoridation projects, thus the health effects of the projects was minimum.Significant health effects is found in the defluorination projects in the urban areas with high coverage and high utilization rate. Studying new water improvment methods and new forms of water supply system is urgent for solving the problems met in the ineffective water defluorination project.