The target therapeutic agents of HER-2 extracellular ligand-binding domain have become the core of breast cancer research. A small peptide molecule and an anti-HER2 extracellular domain monoclonal antibody conjugated with protein toxins, radioisotopes, and chemotherapeutic drugs (immunoconjugate) can improve efficacy and reduce systemic toxicity. Vaccines based on HER-2 extracellular region should protect patients from HER-2-overexpressing breast cancer growth. In this review, studies on targeted-block therapies of the HER-2 extracellular ligand-binding domain in breast cancer were discussed to provide references for clinical applications.

Objective To determine the correlation between aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-Ab) and optic neuropathy in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD).Methods The clinical and biochemical data of 53 patients with NMOSD diagnosis based on AQP4-Ab level in Changhai Hospital between January 2010 and October 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.According to optic neuropathy occurrence,the NMOSD patients were divided into optic neuropathy and non-optic neuropathy groups.Clinical and biochemical characteristics were compared between the two groups.According to the serum AQP4-Ab levels,the NMOSD patients were divided into AQP4-Ab seropositive and seronegative groups.The incidence of optic neuropathy was compared between the two groups.The correlation between optic neuropathy and AQP4-Ab levels was analyzed.Results Between the optic neuropathy and non-optic neuropathy groups,no significant differences in sex,age at onset,disease course,serum alanine aminotransferase levels,protein levels in cerebral spinal fluid,IgG index,and oligoclonal band were observed (P ＞ 0.05).However,statistically significant differences were found in frequency,superficial sensory impairment,serum creatinine level,and serum AQP4-Ab level (P ＜ 0.05).Between the AQP4-Ab sempositive and semnegative groups,a statistically significant difference in the incidence of optic neuropathy was observed (F =4.93,P ＜ 0.05).The incidence of optic neuropathy positively correlated with AQP4-Ab levels (r =0.297,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion NMOSD patients with AQP4-Ab seropositivity could be prone to optic neuropathy,and the correlation may be beneficial to early diagnosis,therapy,and monitoring of NMOSD.

Objective To explore the change of Doppler velocity waveforms in the fetal main pulmonary artery in patients with early onset severe preeclampsia and to assess its value in fetal lung maturity.Methods A prospective study was conducted to analyze fetal main pulmonary artery velocity waveforms parameters including acceleration time(AT),ejection time(ET),acceleration time/ejection time (AT/ET),peak systolic velocity (PSV) in 30 cases of pregnant women with early onset severe preeclampsia.According to neonatal outcome,these cases were divided into respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) group (18 cases) and non-RDS group (12 cases).Each group was compared with 54 cases and 36 cases that were normal and had corresponding gestational age separately.Doppler parameters were compared between these two groups and their corresponding normal control groups.Results Gestational age at sonographic examination,gestational age at delivery and birth weight of neonates in RDS group were significantly lower than those in non-RDS group(all P ＜0.001).The value of AT,ET,AT/ET,PSV were lower in RDS group than those in gestational age-matched control group(all P ＜0.05),while there were no significant difference between non-RDS group and gestational age-matched control group(all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Doppler ultrasound monitoring fetal main pulmonary artery velocity waveforms to evaluate fetal lung maturity in patients with early onset severe preeclampsia has clinical application value.

Objective To evaluate the role of opioid receptors in fentanyl-induced inhibition of proliferation and migration of human gastric cancer cell line MGC-803.Methods The human gastric cancer cell line MGC-803 was cultured in DMEM liquid culture medium.The cells were seeded in 6-well or 96-well plates and then randomly divided into 4 groups (n =54 each):control group (group C),fentanyl group (group F),naloxon group (group N) and naloxon + fentanyl group (group NF).The cells were exposed to 0.1 μmol/L fentanyl and 10 μmol/L naloxon in F and N groups,respectively.The cells were incubated with 10 μmnol/L naloxon for 30 min and then O.1 μmol/L fentanyl was added to the culture medium in group NF.The viability of the cells was detected by MTT assay after being incubated with fentanyl for 12,24,36,48,60 and 72 h.The cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry after being incubated with fentanyl for 24 h.The migration of the cells was detected by wound healing assay after being incubated with fentanyl for 48 h.The proliferation of the cells was determined by colony formation assay at 7 day of incubation with fentanyl.Results Compared with group C,no significant changes in the viability of the cells,rate of colony formation,apoptotic rate and rate of cell wound healing were found in group N (P ＞ 0.05),and the viability of the cells,rate of colony formation and rate of cell wound healing were significantly decreased,and the apoptotic rate was increased in F and NF groups (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the viability of the cells,rate of colony formation,rate of cell wound healing and apoptotic rate between group NF and group F (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Opioid receptors are not involved in fentanyl-induced inhibition of proliferation and migration of human gastric cancer cell line MGC-803 in vitro.

Objective To explore the imaging characteristics of intrathoracic extramedullary hematopoiesis(EMH).Methods Clinical and imaging findings of 6 cases with EMH were retrospectively analyzed,and the imaging characteristics,diagnosis and differential diagnosis were discussed.Results Among 6 the cases of EMH,3 lesions were located in mediastinum,and the other 3 lesions in mediastinum and adjacent chest wall.Five cases appeared as globular shadows which protruded toward the lung fields on X-ray films,on plain CT scan,all the 6 lesions appeared of smooth margin and homogeneous soft-tissue density,and the CT values ranged from 38 to 45 HU.Two lesions showed slight homogeneous enhancement on postcontrast CT scan using the common CT scanner,and the CT values ranged from 61 to 65 HU.Four lesions showed significant homogeneous enhancement on postcontrast CT images using the 16-slices CT,and the CT values ranged from 72 to 83 HU.On MRI images,4 lesions showed the same signal intensity as compared to adjacent muscles on T_1WI and T_2WI,and there was slight enhancement of the lesions after intravenous contrast administration.Conclusion EMH has specific imaging findings,and accurate diagnosis can be made by combining X-ray,CT and MR imaging findings with clinical history.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the possible differences in antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from different samples in children.

METHODSSix hundred and twenty-nine samples from urine, sputum, blood and secretion were collected from June 2004 to May 2009 for bacterial identification by VITEK-32 automatic system and antimicrobial susceptibility tests by Kirby-Bauer method. The drug resistance rate of Escherichia coli isolated from different samples was compared.

RESULTSTwo hundred and sixty strains of Escherichia coli were isolated , and 108 of which were from urine , 64 from sputum, 54 from secretion and 23 from blood. ESBLs were detected in 96 (36.9%) of the 260 isolates, AmpC enzymes in 32 (12.3%), and ESBLs+AmpC in 8 (3.1%). The ESBLs positive rate of Escherichia coli isolates from sputum was significantly higher than that from other samples (P<0.05). The antimicrobial resistance rate of Escherichia coli strains from different samples to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillin, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, cefepime, gentamicin, cotrimoxazole, and nitrofurantoin was different. The resistance rate of the strains from sputum samples was higher than that from the other samples (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSEscherichia coli isolated from different samples have different antimicrobial resistance rates in children, so the selection of antibiotics for infections confirmed by bacterial cultures from different samples should based on drug sensitivity results.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli ; drug effects ; enzymology ; isolation & purification ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; beta-Lactamases ; analysis

OBJECTIVESTo explore whether the angiotensin I -converting enzyme (ACE) I/D (insertion/ deletion) polymorphism is associated with the susceptibility to high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) in the Han Chinese.

METHODSOne hundred and forty-seven HAPE-p (HAPE patients) and 193 HAPE-r (HAPE resistants) were enrolled from the Yushu earthquake reconstruction workers in Qinghai province where the altitude is over 3 500 m above sea level. Blood samples were collected from each of the HAPE-p and HAPE-r groups. Information about physiological phenotypes was obtained via fieldwork investigation. The ACE-I/D polymorphism in HAPE-p and HAPE-r was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

RESULTSThe SaO2 was significantly lower while HR was significantly higher in HAPE-p group than those in HAPE-r group. The genotype frequencies of ACE-I/D for II, ID, DD in HAPE-r and HAPE-p groups were 0.430, 0.446, 0.124 and 0.435, 0.469, 0.095, respectively, the allelic frequencies of I and D were 0.650, 0.350 and 0.670, 0.330, respectively. The OR of ID, DD and D alleles relative to II for HAPE was 0.961 (0.610-1.514), 1.322 (0.634-2.758) and 1.080 (0.783-1.489). There was no significant difference of the genotypic and the allelic frequencies in ACE-I/D polymorphism between HAPE-p and HAPE-r groups.

CONCLUSIONSThere is no relation between ACE-I/D polymorphism and HAPE in the Han Chinese.

Alleles ; Altitude ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Humans ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ; genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Pulmonary Edema ; genetics

Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in the cerebral cortex of rat with chronic fluorosis,and to reveal the mechanisms of damaged nervous system resulted from the toxicity of fluoride.Methods Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into three groups.The rats in each group were given drinking water containing different levels of fluoride:control group less than 0.5 mg/L,small amount of fluoride exposure group 10.0 mg/L and large amount of fluoride exposure group 50.0 mg/L.The animals were examined at the sixth month after initiating the experiment.Protein levels of P-gp and NF-κB in brain tissues were detected by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting,and the P-gp protein and mRNA level by quantitative real time PCR method.Results As compared to the control group(28.21 ±6.13),the numbers of positive staining cells by P-gp antibody in the cortex of rat brains were significantly increased in both the small and the large amount of fluoride exposure groups[(48.46 ± 8.00),(53.72 ± 9.15),respectively,all P ＜ 0.05] ; the protein levels in the control group(100.00 ± 3.86)％ detected by Western blotting were significantly increased in the cortex of rat brains treated with fluoride in both the small and the large amount of fluoride exposure groups[(189.47 ± 3.14)％,(191.36 ± 11.09)％,respectively,all P ＜ 0.05].The significantly increased expression of NF-κB at the protein level was observed in the cortex of rat brains of the small and the large amount of fluoride exposure groups[(365.97 ± 6.04)％ and (417.15 ± 10.89)％,respectively] as compared with the control group[(100.00 ± 10.07)％,all P ＜ 0.05].The mRMA level of P-gp in the cortex of rat brains of the small and the large amount of fluoride exposure groups(2396 ± 427,3479 ± 371,respectively) were higher than that of the control group(260 ± 106,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The increased expressions of P-gp and NF-κB in the cortex of rat brains are induced by chronic fluorosis,which might be connected with the mechanism of brain damages.

Objective To observe the expression of mitochondrial fission protein locus Fis1 and ultrastructural changes in the renal cells of rats with chronic fluorosis,and to reveal the mechanism in mitochondrial damage of the renal cells.Methods Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups according to sex and body mass(20 in each group):control group,lower fluoride group and higher fluoride group.All the rats were fed with different doses of sodium fluoride in drinking water(0,10 and 50 mg/L,respectively).Six-month later,the expression of Fisl in renal cells was determined by real-time fluorenscence quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry technology,the mitochondrial morphology of renal cells was observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Results As compared with the control group(28.70 ± 12.41),Fis1 mRNA levels(91.48 + 34.83 and 582.09 ± 184.69) in renal cells of the lower fluoride and the higher fluoride groups were increased(all P ＜ 0.05).As compared with the control group(10.49 ± 7.66),Fisl protein levels(16.33 ± 10.26 and 21.50 ± 5.24) in renal cells of the lower fluoride and the higher fluoride groups showed a trend of increasing,the higher fluoride group was higher than that of the control group(P ＜ 0.05).By TEM,mitochondrial crest in renal cells of the lower fluoride and the higher fluoride groups was vague or disappeared,mitochondrial division section appeared.Conclusions Fluoride is a kind of toxicant that can cause damage to mitochondrion of renal cells,induce the expression of Fis1 in transcriptional and protein level,and lead to the obstacles of mitochondrial fusion-fission and ultrastructural abnormality of mitochondrion,which may play an important role in mechanism of mitochondrial damage in the renal cells of rats with chronic fluorosis.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous vertebroplasty is an effective method for osteoporotic thoracic vertebral compression fracture, but bone cement leakage is easy to occur in patients with intravertebral cleft. OBJECTIVE: To explore the therapeutic efficacy of bone-filling mesh containers in elderly patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures combined with intravertebral cleft sign. METHODS: From October 2017 to July 2018, 62 patients aged from 60 to 80 years with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures combined with intravertebral cleft sign were admitted at the Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University. Among them, 31 cases were treated with unilateral percutaneous vertebroplasty (control group), and the other 31 cases were treated with bone-filling mesh containers (study group). The leakage of bone cement, the time of operation and the times of fluoroscopy were recorded in the two groups. The visual analogue scale score and Oswestry disability index score were compared between the two groups before and 7, 30, 60 days after treatment. The height changes of injured vertebrae were evaluated by X-ray before treatment and 7 days after treatment. The quality of life was evaluated by the MOS item short from health survey (SF-36) before and 60 days after treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The time of operation and the times of fluoroscopy in the study group were less than those in the control group (P < 0.05), and the leakage rate of bone cement in the study group was lower than that in the control group (6％ vs. 39％, P < 0.05). (2) The visual analogue scale score and Oswestry disability index score of the two groups were significantly improved at 7, 30 and 60 days after treatment. The visual analogue scale scores of the study group were lower than those of the control group at different time points after treatment (P < 0.05). There was no difference in Oswestry disability index scores between the two groups at different time points after treatment (P> 0.05). (3) The height of injured vertebrae 7 days after treatment in both groups was significantly higher than that before treatment (P < 0.05), and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). (4) The quality of life of the two groups was significantly improved at 60 days after treatment (P < 0.05), but there was no difference between the two groups (P> 0.05). These findings indicate that compared with unilateral vertebroplasty with bone cement injection, bone-filling mesh containers with bone cement injection could reduce the incidence of cement leakage, relieve pain and increase the height of injured vertebrae in elderly patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture combined with intravertebral cleft sign.