OBJECTIVETo introduce different surgical treatment for gyncomastia at different grades.

METHODS37 cases with gynecomastia were divided into three grades as: grade I with fat as main tissue, grade II with proliferated fibro-gland as main tissue, grade III with big and ptosis breasts and sagging skin. Different surgical methods were chosen according to the different grades of gyncomastia. These include liposuction, subareolar fibroglandular tissue removing, combined technique of the two methods, and breasts resection with free transplantation of nipple-areola complex.

RESULTSAll patients were satisfied for the appearance of post-operative flat male chest. Complications, such as scar, numbness of nipple and areola were acceptable for them.

CONCLUSIONSDifferent surgical methods should be chosen for the gynecomastia at different grades. It can improve both the physical and psychological problems for patients.

Adolescent ; Gynecomastia ; classification ; surgery ; Humans ; Lipectomy ; Male ; Mammaplasty ; methods ; Nipples ; transplantation ; Retrospective Studies

Objective: To examine the effects of ethyl pyruvate (EP) on mitochondrial dynamics and cell apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells. Methods: HK-2 cells were divided into three groups: HK-2 cells were challenged with LPS (800 μg/L) for 24 hours as LPS group, or LPS mixed with EP (0.25 mmol/L) for 24 hours as EP group. Cells were incubated with normal saline for 24 hours as control group. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). JC-1 staining and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide (FITC/PI) assays were used to evaluate mitochondrial membrane potential and cell apoptosis, respectively. Western Blot was used to evaluate the protein expressions of mitochondrial dynamics, including death-associated protein kinase 2 (DAPK-2), mitofusin (Mfn-1 and Mfn-2), and apoptotic associated biomarkers, including caspase-3, caspase-9, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, cytochrome C (Cyt C), and DNA repair enzyme poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). Results: Compared with the NC group, MDA, IL-6, TNF-α of LPS group were significantly increased, the expression of SOD, mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP level were significantly decreased, the expression of mitochondrial fission protein DAPK-2 was significantly increased, and mitochondrial fusion proteins Mfn-1 and Mfn-2 were significantly decreased, cell apoptosis and apoptotic protein caspase-3, caspase-9 and Cyt C were increased, and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, PARP were significantly decreased. Compared with the LPS group, the oxidative activities and inflammatory factors above were inhibited in EP group [MDA (μmol/L): 12.35±2.21 vs. 45.95±1.76, SOD (kU/L): 54.68±1.42 vs. 40.73±1.60, IL-6 (ng/L): 67.87±2.61 vs. 338.92±20.91, TNF-α (ng/L): 19.23±1.80 vs. 180.69±6.51], mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP level were significantly increased [mitochondrial membrane potential: (99.43±0.25)% vs. (69.40±0.75)%, ATP (×10⁶ RLU): 0.19±0.01 vs. 0.12±0.05], the expression of mitochondrial fission protein was significantly decreased (DAPK-2/β-actin: 0.03±0.01 vs. 0.61±0.02), mitochondrial fusion proteins were significantly increased (Mfn-1/β-actin: 0.43±0.04 vs. 0.17±0.01, Mfn-2/β-actin: 0.201±0.004 vs. 0.001±0.001), percentage of cell apoptosis was significantly decreased [(5.25±0.17)% vs. (34.42±0.64)%], the expressions of apoptotic proteins were significantly decreased (caspase-3/β-actin: 0.25±0.15 vs. 1.76±0.01, caspase-9/β-actin: 0.09±0.02 vs. 1.52±0.12, Cyt C/β-actin: 0.001±0.001 vs. 0.350±0.030), and the expressions of anti-apoptotic proteins and PARP were significantly increased (Bcl-2/β-actin: 0.500±0.010 vs. 0.009±0.004, Bcl-xL/β-actin: 0.550±0.010 vs. 0.009±0.001, PARP/β-actin: 0.94±0.01 vs. 0.16±0.13), with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). Conclusions There are enhanced mitochondrial fission and diminished mitochondrial fusion in LPS-induced HK-2 cells. EP can protect mitochondria functions by regulate mitochondrial dynamics, and reducethe apoptosis of LPS-induced HK-2 cells.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of Coriolus versicolor polysaccharide B (CVP-B) on increased membrane glycosaminoglycans (GAG) expression and intracellular glutathione (GSH) of RAW264.7 macrophages exposed to angiotensin II (Ang II).

METHODSThe plasma membrane of RAW264.7 macrophages exposed to Ang II treatment was isolated by ultracentrifugation, and the membrane GAG expression was analyzed using 1, 9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) spectrophotometric assay for sulfated GAG. The intracellular reduced GSH was determined using fluorophotometry.

RESULTSThe GAG content in the macrophage membranes increased by up to 54% following cell exposure to 1.0 micromol/L Ang II, whereas in presence of 1.0 micromol;/L Ang II, CVP-B at 1, 10, and 50 microg/ml decreased the GAG content by 13%, 43% (P<0.01), and 52% (P<0.01), respectively. The macrophage GSH activity decreased by 69% following incubation with 1.0 micromol;/L Ang II for 24 h, and CVP-B treatment at 1, 10, and 50 microg/ml in presence of 1.0 micromol;/L Ang II resulted in significant increment of GSH activity by 31%(P<0.05), 104% (P<0.01), and 168% (P<0.01), respectively.

CONCLUSIONThese data provide the first evidence that CVP-B inhibits elevated GAG expression in RAW264.7 macrophage membrane induced by Ang II.

Agaricales ; chemistry ; Angiotensin II ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane ; metabolism ; Glutathione ; analysis ; Glycosaminoglycans ; analysis ; Macrophages ; metabolism ; Mice ; Polysaccharides ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo establish a new method for the preparation of porcine acellular dermal matrix.

METHODSThe antigenicity of the porcine dermis was weakened by removing epidermal and dermal cells from the porcine skin through the digestion with low-concentration trypsin and repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Split thickness porcine skin was treated with 0.05% trypsin to remove the cells from the epidermis and dermis. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles were employed to further weed out the residual cells within the dermis. The prepared acellular dermis was then examined grossly, as well as histologically, and also by immunohistochemical method.

RESULTSNo cell could be identified in the prepared porcine acellular dermal matrix. The integral basement membrane was preserved on the surface of dermal matrix with compact dermal matrix collagen structure.

CONCLUSIONLow concentration trypsinization and repeated freeze-thaw cycles seemed to be a simple and effective method for the preparation of xenogeneic acellular dermal matrix.

Animals ; Dermis ; cytology ; transplantation ; Extracellular Matrix ; transplantation ; ultrastructure ; Freezing ; Skin Transplantation ; Swine ; Tissue Engineering ; methods ; Trypsin ; administration & dosage

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect and its mechanism of reducing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) by in vitro blockade of CD(40)-CD(40)L pathway in vitro, the donor T lymphocytes cultured in vitro with anti-CD(40)L mAb were transfused in bone marrow transplantation (BMT) GVHD mouse model.

METHODSC57BL/6(H-2b) spleen T cells were isolated as responder cells, and BALB/c(H-2d) spleen cells as stimulator cells. They were cocultured with or without Anti-CD(40)L mAb as anti-CD(40)L mAb group and control group, respectively. At day 5, the mixed lymphocyte response (MLR)-culture cells mixed with bone marrow cells and transfused respectively into the TBI conditioned recipient mice. The mice were divided into two groups: group A, bone marrow cells (2 x 10(6)) and spleen T lymphocytes (2 x 10(6)) from MLR control group; group B, bone marrow cells (2 x 10(6)) and spleen T lymphocytes (2 x 10(6)) from MLR anti-CD(40)L mAb group. The GVHD incidence and hematopoietic reconstitution were observed. Peripheral blood sera and spleen cells of the recipients mice were harvested at scheduled time points for the measurement of cytokines and T cell immunophenotyping with flow cytometry.

RESULTSThe incidence of GVHD in group A was 100% (10/10), and in group B was 20% (2/10). The percentage of H-2D(b) positive cells in group B (n = 8) was (93.54 +/- 2.32)% at day 40 after transplantation. The levels of cytokines in serum from group B were significantly lower than those from group A (P < 0.05). The expressions of CD(4)(+), CD(8)(+), CD(4)(+)CD(25)(+), CD(8)(+)CD(25)(+), CD(4)(+)CD(69)(+), CD(8)(+)CD(69)(+) and CD(4)(+)CD(40)L(+) were lower in group B than in group A (P < 0.05). The expressions of CD(8)(+)CD(40)L(+) and CD(4)(+)CD(45)RA(+) were similar in the two groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONBlockade of CD(40)-CD(40)L interaction in vitro could induce immune tolerance in vivo, reduce aGVHD in aGVHD mice model and form chimerism, which was mediated by inhibiting the Th1 and Th2 cytokines production, inducing tolerance of CD(4)(+) and CD(8)(+) cells to alloantigens. The obstruction of T cells activation after tolerance happened mainly at the early and mature phase of T cells activation. These provided the experimental basis for the use of anti-CD(40)L mAb in the clinical transplantation to prevent aGVHD.

Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; therapeutic use ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; adverse effects ; CD40 Antigens ; physiology ; CD40 Ligand ; immunology ; physiology ; Graft vs Host Disease ; prevention & control ; Interleukin-10 ; blood ; Interleukin-4 ; blood ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL

OBJECTIVETo investigate the features of intelligence development, facial expression recognition ability, and the association between them in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

METHODSA total of 27 ASD children aged 6-16 years (ASD group, full intelligence quotient >70) and age- and gender-matched normally developed children (control group) were enrolled. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fourth Edition and Chinese Static Facial Expression Photos were used for intelligence evaluation and facial expression recognition test.

RESULTSCompared with the control group, the ASD group had significantly lower scores of full intelligence quotient, verbal comprehension index, perceptual reasoning index (PRI), processing speed index（PSI), and working memory index (WMI) (P<0.05). The ASD group also had a significantly lower overall accuracy rate of facial expression recognition and significantly lower accuracy rates of the recognition of happy, angry, sad, and frightened expressions than the control group (P<0.05). In the ASD group, the overall accuracy rate of facial expression recognition and the accuracy rates of the recognition of happy and frightened expressions were positively correlated with PRI (r=0.415, 0.455, and 0.393 respectively; P<0.05). The accuracy rate of the recognition of angry expression was positively correlated with WMI (r=0.397; P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSASD children have delayed intelligence development compared with normally developed children and impaired expression recognition ability. Perceptual reasoning and working memory abilities are positively correlated with expression recognition ability, which suggests that insufficient perceptual reasoning and working memory abilities may be important factors affecting facial expression recognition ability in ASD children.

Adolescent ; Autism Spectrum Disorder ; psychology ; Child ; Child Development ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Male

OBJECTIVETo investigate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a representative sample of primary and middle school students in Hunan Province.

METHODSA total of 9 495 children aged 5-17 years from Hunan urban and rural schools were enrolled by a cluster sampling and a two-phase design. The students' psychiatric status was assessed using the Investigation Screening Inventory for Child Mental Disorder and a semi-structured interview designed based on the DSM-IV criteria.

RESULTSThe overall prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 16.22%. Attention-deficit and disruptive behavior disorders were the commonest in the diagnostic categories of psychiatric disorders (10.69%). Regarding specific disorders, the most prevalent was attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (5.95%). Psychiatric disorders were more prevalent in boys than in girls (20.49% vs 11.16%; p<0.01). The prevalence of attention-deficit and disruptive behavior disorders in boys was higher than in girls (14.76% vs 5.87%; p<0.01). The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in middle school students (12-17 years) was significantly higher than in primary students (5-11 years) (18.38% vs 14.64%; p<0.01). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders between urban and rural students.

CONCLUSIONSPsychiatric disorders are common among primary and middle school students in Hunan Province. The prevalence of this disorder in boys is higher than in girls. The middle school students have higher prevalence than primary students.

Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Disorders ; epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Sex Factors

OBJECTIVETo investigate the value of Compound Xuanju Capsule in the treatment of type-III prostatitis-related sexual dysfunction.

METHODSWe randomly divided 90 type-III prostatitis patients with sexual dysfunction diagnosed by NIH clinical criteria into an experiment group and a control group to be treated with Compound Xuanju Capsule and antibiotics, respectively. We analyzed the therapeutic results based on the scores on chronic prostatitis symptom index (CPSI), prostatitis-related sexual function index (PSFI ) and self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), and compared them between the two groups and with the baseline data.

RESULTSThe degree of prostatitis-related sexual dysfunction was not correlated with that of prostatitis symptoms. Prostatitis symptoms and sexual function were significantly improved in the experiment group than in the control (P < 0.05), and the SAS score was markedly lower in the former than in the latter (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONCompound Xuanju Capsule can not only alleviate the symptoms of type-III prostatitis, but also improve its related sexual dysfunction and anxiety.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Capsules ; Chronic Disease ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Erectile Dysfunction ; complications ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phytotherapy ; Prostatitis ; complications ; drug therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo explore a method for reconstruction of Poland's chest wall deformity.

METHODSThe customized, textured silicone prosthesis was fabricated from a soft silicone polymer that approximated to the softness of the pectoralis major muscle. A lateral incision of 6 cm on the affected chest was made. After a subcutaneous pocket above the ribs was created through the incision, the prosthesis was placed in the pocket.

RESULTSSince October 2000, chest wall reconstruction for Poland's syndrome deformity has been performed in 7 male patients (18 to 45 years) with the customized soft silicone prosthesis. Follow-up for 3 to 17 months showed that all patients were satisfied with the aesthetical results. Seroma occurred in 2 patients, and needle aspiration was used to solve the problem.

CONCLUSIONThis method is simple and less traumatic. The reconstructed chest wall approximates to the softness and appearance of the contralateral pectoralis muscle.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pectoralis Muscles ; Poland Syndrome ; surgery ; Prostheses and Implants ; Prosthesis Implantation ; methods ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Ribs ; Silicones ; therapeutic use ; Thoracic Wall ; abnormalities ; surgery

BACKGROUNDAcute renal failure (ARF) after liver transplantation is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Early therapeutic or preventive intervention is hampered by the lack of early effective prognostic factors. Recent studies indicated that serum levels of cystatin C and beta2-microglobulin (beta2 MG) as well as urinary beta2 MG and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) would increase in patients with early and mild renal impairment. In this study, these factors were detected during the different stages in patients who accepted orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), and their feasibilities to predict early ARF after OLT were also analyzed.

METHODSSixty patients with normal blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) who received modified piggyback liver transplantation without veno-venous bypass were prospectively studied. Blood samples were drawn from patients for the determination of serum beta2 MG (n = 60), SCr (n = 60) and serum Cystatin C (n = 39) at following 5 intervals: before operation (T0), 20 minutes before anhepatic phase (T1), 25 minutes in anhepatic (T2), 60 minutes after reperfusion (T3) and at the end of operation (T4). Urinary beta2 MG (n = 60) and NAG (n = 60) were also examined at following 3 intervals: before operation (T0), 60 minutes after reperfusion (T3) and at the end of operation (T4). According to the Rimola A criteria of ARF in 24 hours after operation, all the patients were divided into two groups: ARF group and non-ARF group. The data were statistically analyzed to evaluate the feasibiliy of regarding these factors as prognostic factors for early ARF after liver transplantation in patients with normal SCr and BUN before operation.

RESULTSTen of sixty cases showed ARF (16.7%). The Logistic regression analysis showed that the levels of serum and urinary beta2 MG as well as serum cystatin C before operation were correlated with early ARF after liver transplantation (P < 0.05), while only serum levels of cystatin C and Cr at the end of operation correlated with early ARF (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) after liver transplantation. The serum beta2 MG, Cystatin C, SCr and urinary beta2 MG levels in ARF group were much more higher than that in non-ARF group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). There were significant differences between the correct and false predictive positive ratios of serum cystatin C, serum and urinary beta2 MG levels before operation (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), while only SCr showed significant difference between these groups at the end of operation (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSThe results revealed that there was potential renal damage among those patients who demonstrated normal SCr and BUN before operation, and that liver transplantation could aggravate this damage and causing ARF. Here we provided the prognostic values of serum Cystatin C, beta2 MG, urinary beta2 MG and NAG in patients with early acute renal failure after liver transplantation.

Acetylglucosaminidase ; urine ; Acute Kidney Injury ; blood ; diagnosis ; urine ; Adult ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Cystatin C ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Liver Transplantation ; adverse effects ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; blood ; diagnosis ; urine ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Prognosis ; beta 2-Microglobulin ; analysis ; blood ; urine