The absorption process is an important factor in determining the bioavailability of orally administered drugs. however, the absorption mechanism of many drugs is not clear. Caco-2 cell model is the best in vitro absorption model nowadays. It is widely used in the research on drug absorption process and absorption mechanism, especially in the aspect of traditional Chinese medicine absorption, the use of Caco-2 cell model has become the hot spot recently. Mo- reover, Caco-2 cell model is also applied in the research on drug metabolism. Therefore, Caco-2 cell model will become an important method in the research of drug absorption, and will be helpful to accelerate the process of new drug screening and development.

Objective To provide the anatomical data for single-nostril transsphenoidal microsurgery for pituitary adenoma.Methods Microanatomic structures were observed and measured in 20 cadaveric a- dults heads.Results(1)The diaphragmal opering was 5 mm or greater broad in 90%.The mean thick- ness of the diaphragma sellae was (0.18?0.08)mm.(2) A sphenoid sinus with complete pneumatization was named as all-sellae type,its percentage in all specimens was 85%,85% sphenoid sinus had middle sep- tum of which only 18.8% located in the medial sagital section.(3)The meant thickness of the sellar floor was (0.81?0.34) mm,70% of which were not more than 1 mm.Of the sellar floors,that the shape was flatness reach 15%.(4) The relationship between ICA and sphenoid sinus had two aspects,one was to be mutually apart (55%),the other was to communicate (45%),which formers carinae on the lateral wall of the sphe- noid sinus,espeially in the superior surface of posterior part.The relationship between optic nerve and sphe- noid sinus,one was to be mutually apart (27.5%),the other was to communicate (72.5% ),which formers carinae on the lateral wall of the sphenoid sinus,especially in the superior surface of anterior part.(5) Three main types of the intercavernous sinus were the anterior intercavernous sinus,present in 80%,the inferior in- tercavenous sinus (25%),and the posterior intercavenous sinus (15%).Conclusion The knowledge of the anatomy of the sellar region and sphenoid sinus is helpful to safe operation in the single-nostril transsphe- noidal approach for pituitary,adenoma microsurgery.

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of the cytochrome P450 3A4(CYP3A4) gene expression and function in CHL-3A4 cells lines by vector-ecpressed small hairpin interfering RNA(shRNA).Methods The shRNA expression vectors targeting CYP 3A4 gene(CYP3A4Ⅰ,CYP3A4Ⅱ,CYP3A4Ⅲ) were designed and constructed.The inhibitory effect of shRNA was detected by Western blot and RT-PCR analysis.The inhibitory effect of cytotoxic of cyclophosphamide using shRNA was measured by MTT assay.Results CYP3A4Ⅲ shRNA expressing vector significantly reduced the CYP3A4 mRNA(70%) and protein expression levels(75%) of the CYP3A4 gene in CHL3A4 cells suppression of CYP3A4 gene expression by CYP3A4Ⅲ largely reversed cyclophosphamide cytotoxicity(75%) in CHL-3A4 cells.Conclusion Vector-based RNAi could suppress CYP3A4 gene expression and function,and the use of RNAi to inhibit CYP3A4 gene expression in mammalian cells was a promising new tool for the study of cytochrome P450 gene function.

Objective To investigate the application of antimicrobial agents in a tertiary first-class hospital before and after implementing special rectification activity on clinical antimicrobial use.Methods Data about antimicrobial use in a hospital in Sichuan Province between January 2011 and December 2013 were collected and analyzed retro-spectively,data included antimicrobial varieties,the ratio of antimicrobial prescription in outpatient department to emergency department,percentage of antimicrobial application expense in the total hospitalization expense,antimi-crobial use rate and use density,antimicrobial use rate and use density of special use antimicrobial agents,microbial detection for patients receiving restricted and special antimicrobials.Results Before implementing rectification of an-timicrobial use,there were 88 kinds of antimicrobial agents in hospital,after implementing rectification,there were 50 kinds of antimicrobial agents.The ratio of antimicrobial prescription in outpatient department to emergency de-partment,and the percentage of antimicrobial expense in the total hospitalization expense were both lower than be-fore rectification (both P <0.05 ).Antimicrobial use rate and antimicrobial use rate of special use antimicrobial agents before and after rectification were all statistically different(all P <0.05).Compared with before rectification, microbial detection rate of specimens from patients receiving restricted and special use antimicrobial agents improved significantly (both P <0.05 ).Perioperative antimicrobial prophylactic use rate in patients with class Ⅰincisional operation after rectification was lower than before rectification,while percentage of antimicrobials used 30 min-2 h before operation was higher than before rectification (both P <0.05).Conclusion After three year special rectifica-
tion,antimicrobial use become more rational,but management still needs further and continuous improvement.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has demonstrated that dermal tissue has mesenchymal stem cells, which have a possibility of autologous transplantation. If the mesenchymal stem cells derived from the skin differentiate into lymphocytes under a certain condition, the immune system disease can be solved generally.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possibility of differentiation of human skin-derived mesenchymal stem cells into lymphocytes. METHODS: Surface marker expression was detected in the 14th passage human skin-derived mesenchymal stem cells using flow cytometry. Transdifferentiation medium of human skin-derived mesenchymal stem cells consisted of human lymphocyte supernatant and fresh human skin-derived mesenchymal stem cells based on the ratio of 7:3. Inverted microscope was employed to observe morphological changes, and flow cytometry was used to detect surface marker expression in the lymphocytes at 1-8 days after induction. Self-marker expression of human skin-derived mesenchymal stem cells was then detected at 3,6, and 9 days after induction.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Human skin-derived mesenchymal stem cells stably expressed self-specific marker CD73, Vimentin and so on, but did not express specific markers of hematopoietic system, I.e., CD34, CD45 and so on, lowly expressed HLA-I, but did not express HLA-DR at all. At 3 days after induction, the cell volume significantly increased, cell proliferation rate was significantly lower than before induction, and a lot of cystic-like particles with strong refraction were observed in or between cells. The CD45 lymphocyte expression was not significantly changed, but CD3, CD19, CD16, CD4, and CD8 expression rates of human skin-derived mesenchymal stem cells were linearly increased at 1-4 days after induction and stabilized at 5-8 days after induction. In addition, CD37, CD34, Vimentin, and HLA-DR expressions were not changed at 3, 6, and 9 days after induction, but HLA-I expression rate was gradually increased with the prolongation time of induction. This suggested that human skin-derived mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into lymphocyte and potentially participate in repairing immune system injury.

Microalgae biodiesel can solve these problems currently of plants materials,such as:shortage of arable land,impact of climate change for production and to lead high crop prices and so on.Constructing "engineered microalgae" through transgenic technology,the microalgae have capacity of high growth,shorter periods of growth and several times higher oil production than terrestrial plants.Furthermore,sea water can be as its natural medium for industrial production.The advantages of microalgae biodiesel,current status and progress of researches on engineered microalgae as well as product technologies of microalgal biodiesel was introduced.

yggG, a Era-binding protein gene, was isolated and cloned from the E.coli genomic DNA library. Previous studies indicated that the product of yggG gene, YggG294(amino acids 1-294), strongly inhibited the growth of host bacteria and caused the death of bacteria cells. To elucidate whether Era is related to the death of bacterial cells expressed YggG294,A double promoter expression vector that can express YggG294 and Era proteins controllably in cells was constructed. Using this vector to express YggG294 and Era protein in the same E.coli cells, then analyzed the relation between YggG294 and Era. The results showed that the ratio of Era proteins to total proteins increased with the increase of induction time in E.coli cells without YggG294 expression and with little YggG294 expression;the ratio of Era proteins to total proteins seemed to be a constant level in E.coli cells overexpressing YggG294;but we could not detect any Era hydrolyzate in E.coli cells overexpressed YggG294 could not be detected. The results also showed that pre-expression of Era protein did not produce any effect on the growth inhibition of E.coli cells caused by YggG294. These results indicate that YggG294 can not hydrolyze Era protein in E.coli cells, and that YggG-Era interaction is not associated with the death of bacteria expressed YggG294. It is thus reasonable to draw a conclusion that Era is not associated with the growth inhibition of E.coli cells caused by YggG294. YggG294 inhibits the growth of bacteria by other way.

We constructed a Brain-computer interface-based mental speller which realizes user-computer interaction. The feature signals of user's intention are embedded in spontaneous EEG background. Single-trial feature estimation should be used on this online occasion instead of the grand average usually used in cognitive or clinical experiments. To demonstrate this technique beyond laboratories, fewer EEG recording channels are preferred. A unique paradigm, which is called imitating-natural-reading, was exploited to induce visual evoked potentials. We explored the single-trial estimation of VEP recorded in single channel using support vector machine on three subjects, and obtained satisfactory data, the classification accuracy being 92.1%, 94.1% and 91.5%, respectively. These results put forward a significant step fowards the ultimate realization of our mental speller.
Adult ; Algorithms ; Brain ; physiology ; Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials, Visual ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted

Objective To investigate the glucose metabolic pattern of brain functional loop in patients with refractory obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) using 18 F-FDG PET.Methods Eight patients with refractory OCD and 8 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers underwent 18F-FDG PET brain imaging.SPM software was used for image post-processing and quantitative analysis.Correlation analysis between 18F-FDG uptake and Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale(Y-BOCS) score was performed.Results Compared with the controls,the glucose metabolism of bilateral frontal cortices ( including the rectal gyrus,orbital gyrus and cingulate gyrus),left thalamus,right temporal lobe and bilateral cerebellum in refractory OCD patients increased significantly ( Zmax =3.45 - 5.80,all P ＜ 0.001 ).Bilateral motor cortices and bilateral parietal lobes (BA7),however,showed decreased glucose metabolism (Zmax =3.44 - 4.46,all P ＜0.001 ).Y-BOCS score was positively correlated with the glucose metabolism of the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (Zmax =3.77,3.48 and 2.97,all P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusions There is a characteristic metabolic pattern of increased glucose utilization in the fronto-striato-thalamic loop and decreased glucose utilization in bilateral motor cortices and parietal lobes in patients with OCD.The glucose metabolism in the anterior cingulate cortex might serve as a quantitative parameter for the assessment of the severity of OCD.

OBJECTIVETo study the content variation of furmarid acid and isofraxidin in Sarcandra glabra from 21 different provenances and provide the basis for resource utilization and quality optimization of S. glabra.

METHODHPLC method was developed to determine the contents of furmarid acid and isofraxidin in 330 samples of S. glabra which were collected respectively from 21 different provenances.

RESULTThere were significant differences in the contents of isofraxidin and furmarid acid in S. glabra from different provenances. The contents of isofraxidin and furmarid acid dropped off from low altitude to high altitude, which were also close with longitude and latitude. The content of isofraxidin in S. glabra at central area of natural distribution was the highest. The different parts of the plant had different results, the influence on the contents of the acitive components in stem were more obvious than the leaf.

CONCLUSIONThis simple, accurate and reproducible method could be use to determine the contents of furmarid acid and isofraxidin in S. glabra. The results represented the status of medicines quality and difference of Chinese S. glabra. These agreed with the traditional views that the medicines quality of Sarcandra glabra in Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang was better. These provenances were considered as important areas of medicines breeding and bases building on S. glabra in future.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Coumarins ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Fumarates ; chemistry ; Magnoliopsida ; chemistry ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Reproducibility of Results