The author adopts exploratoryteachingmethod in the immunologyclass toestablish the scenes,guides the students to study independently and explore actively and provides students with the opportunity of full freedom of expression,query,exploration,and discussion,and adopts a diversified and characterized evaluation mechanism to help the students know the ego and build up the self-confidence.The aim of it is improving the students' interest in the study,changing study methods,fostering the students' cooperation ability and creative abilities,and improving the teaching quality.

Objective To observe the changes of metallothionein (M T) in the rat flap with ischemia-reperfusion injury. Methods A ri ght lower abdominal island flap was created in Wistar rats . 16 rats were random ly divided into two groups: the control ( n =8) and the ischemia-reperfusion injury group ( n =8). The contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA) were assaye d by 109 Cd-hemoglobin saturation and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods. Th e activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) was measured by colorimetry. Results At ischemia 8 h, reperfusion 12 h and 24 h, the level of MDA in rat i schemia-reperfusion injury group increased 41.7 %, 111.4 %, and 135.7 %, the ac tivity of MPO increased 72.1 %, 218.9 % and 296.0 %, the content of MT increased 42.6 %, 52.8 % and 102.3 %, respectively, compared with the control group ( P

Objective To review the safety and efficacy of fast track surgery in gastrectomy for gastric cancer.Methods The computer retrieved databases, including Pubmed, Medline, Cochrane library and Web of science, to collect randomized controlled trials (RCT) or controlled clinical trials (CCTS) on FTS was used in gastrectomy for gastric cancer between January 1994 and march 2014, and manual retrieval in Google.Using RevMan5.0 software analysis data that extract from collect literature.Results A total of five RCTs and two CCTs, involving 636 patients,were included, there were 309 cases in experimental group (FTS group) and 327 cases in control group.Meta-analysis showed: the FTS group had earlier postoperative flatus [WMD =-18.74, 95％ CI (-34.31,-3.17), P ＜ 0.05], shorter postoperative hospital stay [WMD =-2.46, 95％ CI (-3.75,-1.17), P=0.000 2], and lower hospital charge [SMD =-0.67, 95％ CI (-1.00,-0.34), P ＜ 0.000 1].However, there were no statistically significant differences in operation time, intraoperative blood loss, the number of retrieved lymph node intraoperative, the time of catheter removal and postoperative complication rate (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion FTS in gastrectomy for gastric cancer can promote postoperative bowel function recovery, decrease postoperative hospital stay and reduce hospital charge.

Objective Experiment the tumor animal model of the H22 Cancer of the liver mile,study the inhibition effect of chitosan oligosaccharide and bifidobacteria on tumour.Methods the growth of tumour were observed after chitosan oligosaccharide and bifidobacteria were injected into tumor-bearing mice;then the immunify funcfion weremcasured.Results Growth of tumour were inhibited by chitosan oligosaccharide and bifidobacteria,they can increase the content of IL-2 and IFN-?and the weight of spleen and thymus of the mice.Conclusions chitosan oligosaccharide and bifidobacteria could inhibit the growth of tumour,inproue immunity function.

Objective To Study GFW on tumor apoptosis and to apply the experimenting basis of GFW,s developing and utilizing.Methods The S180 mice sarooma model was used to detective the inhibiting effects of GFW.The methed diphenylamine was used to detec the chanae of the ratio of cerebral cortex DNA framentation and cell mornholoav In thobserved the ultrastructural change by electron microscopy.Results For S180 sarcoma,the inhibiting ratio of GFW is 38.93%.The ratio of cerebral cortex DNA framentation was obviously higher in the GFW group and in the CY group when compared with the model group(P

The ecological habit of Sergentomyia koloshanensis was investigated in Wenxian of Gansu Province and Nanping of Sichuan Province.This sandfly could be found from the last ten-day period of May to the first ten-day period of October,with a peak in the middle ten-day period of August.Its adult season covered as long as 4 and half months.It was exophilic with a vertical distribution reaching as high as 1 640 m.At daytime,it rested in the caves and at the basal parts of boulders along the riversides,and it was difficult to find it in the residential areas;at night it moved about near the resting places,without human blood preferrence.By analyzing the available data of the description of sandfly species,it was found that Sergentomyia koloshanensis distributed mainly in the subtropical zone in China,with much less distribution in warm-temperate and marginal tropical areas.

Objective:To study on GFW-inducing tumor apoptosis and to find the experimenting basis for utilizing GFW in cancei theiapy.Methods:S180 mouse sarooma model was used to detect inhibiting effects of GFW on tumor grouth in viro,Morphological changes were observed by electron microscopy and flow cytometer was used for determination apoptosis.The protein expression of p21 and the mRNA expression of Survivin were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.Results:For S180 sarcoma ,the inhibiting rate of GFW was 38.93%.Apoptosis was 17.79% detected by flow cytomety.Typical apoptotic cells and apoptotic bodies were observed through electron microscope. Chromatin was found gathering as aggregates in nucleus or under nucleus membrane and the nuclear body formed at the same time. Survivin mRNA decreased markedly in the GFW group when compared with the model group(P

Objective To investigate the effect of 1, 25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (1, 25 (OH)2D3) on adipocyte differen-tiation and the underlying mechanism. Methods The mesenchymal stem cell line C3H10T1/2 was randomly divided into 6 groups including control group, differentiation group and 4 different doses of 1, 25(OH)2D3 groups. The control group was treated with vehicle. The differentiation group was supplemented with adipocyte differentiation reagent. And the 1,25(OH)2D3 groups were treated with adipocyte differentiation reagents and 10-9, 10-8, 10-7 and 10-6 mol/L of 25(OH)2D3. After culturing for 5 days, the cells were stained with oil red O, and the expression levels of adipocyte-specific transcription factors and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway related genes were examined by RT-PCR or Western blot methods. Results 1,25(OH)2D3 sig-nificantly reduced the number of differentiated adipocytes and blocked the mRNA levels of adipocyte specific transcription factor PPARγ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma), C/EBPα(CCAAT enhancer binding proteinα) and adipo-cyte characterization factor aP2 (fatty acid binding protein 4). These were paralleled by the decreased mRNA expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway inhibitor sFRP1 (Secreted frizzled-related protein 1) and the increased level ofβ-catenin protein. Conclusion 1, 25(OH)2D3 inhibits adipocyte differentiation, which may be related to the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

Objective: To investigate the inhibitory effects of chitosan oligosaccharide on tumor growth in vivo. Methods: Murine tumor cell line H22 was inoculated into. Then different doses of chitosan oligosaccharide were injected into the mice-bearing H22 liver carcinoma, IL-2 and IFN-? in the sera were measured by ELISA assay. The in vitro anti-proliferation activity of chitosan oligosaccharide on the lung carcinoma LH-7 cells was evaluated by MTT assay. Results: Chitosan oligosaccharide inhibited in vivo the growth of H22 tumor cells,with increasing the content of IL-2 and IFN-? in sera of the tumor-bearing mice. The weight of spleen and thymus of the mice were increased when compared with those of control group; tissue necrosis was observed in the tumor in situ; chitosan oligosaccharide also inhibited the growth of LH-7 cells in vitro. The inhibitory effect was shown in a concentration dependent pattern, but not correrlated with incubation time. The early characteristics of apoptosis of LH-7 cell could be observed under the transmission electronic microscopy. Conclusion: Chitosan oligosaccharide inhibits proliferation of tumor and improves immunity function of the hosts, and might induce apoptosis of LH-7 cells.

To improve the quality of teaching is the core task of the development of higher education,and effective teaching is the fundamental guarantee to promote students to learn effectively,and to improve the teaching quality and talents cultivation quality,which has very important significance to exploring the effective teaching idea and implementation strategy.In the teaching of medical immunology for example,the author combined the characteristics of the course,and had a preliminary discussion on the feature of effective teaching,to explore the effective teaching strategies of thought guiding before class,creating context in class,autonomous learning at recess,teaching reflection after class,to provide reference for college teachers to improve teaching ability and teaching effectiveness.