Objective To explore the relationships among attachment,parental attachment and parental rearing style of adolescent depression.Methods 36 outpatients and hospital patients in Anhui Mental Health Center with depression and their parents were involved as the case group,33 age-,gender-,and education-matched high school students and their parents as the normal controls.The case group and control group were assessed with Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory (ECR) and Parental Rearing Pattern Questionnaire (EMBU).Results ① The score of attachment avoidance and anxiety dimension in the depression group were obviously higher than that of the control group(73.19 ± 16.63 vs 66.25 ± 12.91,62.76 ± 13.90 vs 51.97 ± 13.69,P ＜ 0.01) ;the score of mother's attachment anxiety in the depression group were significantly higher than that of the control group (72.06 ± 14.23 vs 57.42 ± 12.81),and there were significant differences between two groups (P ＜ 0.01).②The attachment avoidance was positively correlated with parental attachment avoidance in the depression group (r =0.534,r=0.488 ; P＜ 0.01).The attachment anxiety dimension was positively correlated with mother's attachment anxiety in depression group (r =0.532,P ＜ 0.01).Attachment avoidance was negatively correlated with parental warmness(r =-0.406,r =-0.462,P ＜ 0.01),however attachment avoidance had positive correlation with father's punishment and mother's rejection in depression group (r=0.395,r=0.468; P＜0.05).Father's attachment avoidance was negatively correlated with father's warmness(r =-0.527,P＜ 0.01),and mother's attachment avoidance was negatively correlated with mother's warmness (r =-0.491,P ＜ 0.01),which was positively correlated with mother's rejection (r =0.392,P ＜ 0.05).③ Regression analysis showed that mother's warmness rearing style had full mediating effect on the relationship between mother's attachment avoidance and attachment avoidance in depression group,and then mother's refused rearing style partly mediated the relationship between them.But father's warmness didn(t) have mediating effect on the relationship between father's attachment avoidance and attachment avoidance in depression group.Conclusion The attachment pattern is insecure in the depression group.Parenting attachment and rearing style significantly influence on adolescent depression attachment patterns,and mother's rearing style has mediating effect on the relationship between mother's attachment and depression attachment.

This study is to investigate the effect of total flavonoids of Uygur medicine bugloss (BTF) on rats with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, and to explore the mechanisms by which it acts. Left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery in rats was occluded for 30 min followed by 4 h reperfusion. Meanwhile, BTF dissolved in saline was administered intraperitoneally at dosage of 10, 30 and 50 mg x kg(-1). Electrocardiograph, infarction index, serum myocardial enzymes and heart function were determined to evaluate the effect of BTF. Some other observations were carried out to explore whether inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis is involved in the mechanisms underlying BTF. Our results showed that in ischemia/reperfusion injured rats BTF could dose-dependently reduce myocardial infarction index and myocardial enzyme leakage, and enhance heart function, indicating that it possesses significant cardio protection. ELISA analysis showed that BTF could decrease the content of myocardial inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Western-blotting confirmed that BTF could increase the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and reduce the expression of proapoptosis protein Bax. Further more, the phosphorylation level of PI3K and Akt was upregulated by BTF treatment. BTF can protect rat against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Anti-inflammation and inhibition of apoptosis through upregulating PI3K/Akt signal pathway may contribute to the protective effect of BTF.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; Boraginaceae ; chemistry ; Flavonoids ; pharmacology ; Heart ; Interleukin-6 ; Myocardial Infarction ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; drug therapy ; Myocardium ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; Phosphorylation ; Protective Agents ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Rats ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein

BACKGROUND:Human mesenchymal stem cells derived from Wharton's jelly(WJCs)display the characteristics of MSCs as defined by the International Society for Cellular Therapy.They can be differentiated into bone,cartilage,adipose,muscle,and neural cells.They can also support the expansion of other stem cells,be weli-tolerated by the immune system,and have the ability to home to tumors.OBJECTIVE:To investigate biological changes of WJCs and brain tumor stem cells(BTSCs)co-cultured in vitro.METHODS:WJCs cultured by situ cultivation and BTSCs used enzyme digestion way respectively,and gathering the 3rd passage of WJCs though subculturing as well as BTSCs.Two kinds of cells co-cultured in 24-well plates in serum-free medium (SFM)without any growth factor.3 and 7 days after co-cultured respectively,CD133 expression of suspension cells in the 24-well plates were identified by flow cytometry,and immunofluorescence was performed for Nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)expression of adherent cells.Co-culture supernatant(CCS)re-suspended 3~(rd) passage of BTSCs and cultured into 96-well plates at day 3,which were used to determine the difference in cell growth curve in both groups using a microplate reader.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:With the cocultivation days increasing,the phenomenon that tumor sphere cells began to be decomposed,adherent and differentiated observed by an inverted microscope.BTSCs in the co-cultured group expressed GFAP and Nestin when adherent and differentiated.The higher degree of malignant brain tumor tissue used in culturing BTSCs was,the higher expression of CD133 in BTSCs was.CD 133~+ in BTSCs declined when co-cultured with WJCs.Growth curve of brain tumor stem cells cultured in CCS compared with in SFM at day 3,which indicates that the proliferation of BTSCs inhibited obviously.Results indicated that CD 133~+ expression and proliferative capacity of BTSCs went down and BTSCs underwent differentiation during the co-culture in vitro.

Objective To investigate influencing factors of disability after craniocerbral injury caused by road traffic accident.Methods We collected 486 cases with craniocerebral injury caused by traffic accident,and conducted analysis.Factors related to disability were found by univariate analysis,and multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to filter the most important factors.Results Degrees of brain injury,drunk driving,age and types of accident were the major influencing factors.Drunk driving and age were positively related with disability grade while the degree of brain injury and type of accident were negatively related.Concuusiorn It is helpful to reduce disability and the burden on society by taking intervening measures on the related factors of disability after brain injury in road traffic accident.

Objective To compare the odds ratio of waist circumference (WC) and/or body mass index (BMI) on cardiovascular risk factors. Methods Data on a cross-sectional study involving 41 087 adults (19 567 male, 21 520 female) from the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were examined. According to the obesity definition of the Chinese Working Group on Obesity for Children (WGOC) (BMI, 24 and 28 kg/m2; WC, male 85 cm, female 80 cm), the study population were divided into 9 groups. The prevalence and odds ratio (OR) of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors were compared among these 9 groups. Variation and standard β were indexes being used to compare the likelihood of BMI and/or WC on CVD risk factors. Results Within each of the BMI categories, with few exceptions, indices levels on CVD risk factors were significantly increased (decreased for HDL-C levels) with the increase of WC, and vice versa. After adjusting the effects of age, sex, income, education, sedentary activity and dietary factors, the ORs of hypertension in adults with higher WC within each of the BMI categories were higher than adults with lower WC, and the ORs of hypertension in adults with higher BMI within each of the WC categories were higher than adults with lower BMI. Similar trends were found for high fast plasma glucose (FPG) and dyslipidemia. The variation in CVD risk factors explained only by WC and BMI were quite similar,but slightly larger when combined WC with BMI. Standard β was higher on BMI when predicting systolic BP and was higher on WC when predicting TG, TC and HDL-C. Conclusion BMI and WC were independently associated with the risk factors on CVD.To combine the BMI and WC, the results could accurately evaluate the risk of CVD, thus to provide substantive evidence that the WGOC cutoff points for the WC might help in identifying those population under increased risk.

OBJECTIVETo study the relation between body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat (PBF) in Chinese adolescent, and to compare the prevalence of overweight and obesity using BMI or PBF standards.

METHODSBMI from 757 girls with an average aged of 10.1 years in the rural areas, 165 girls average aged 13.5 years in suburbs and 172 boys average aged 13.7 years in suburb of Beijing, were measured. Their body compositions were also measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).

RESULTSBMI was found closely correlated with PBF in each age group of rural and suburb girls and suburb boys with the correlation coefficient(r) of 0.59 - 0.83. When age, height and pubertal development were controlled, r became 0.54 - 0.88. The prevalence rates of obesity in rural girls, suburb girls and suburb boys were 33.1%, 21.8% and 21.5%, when PBF cutoff values (girls: PBF >or= 35%, boys: PBF >or= 25%) were used. However, the rates became 2.4%, 3.0% and 4.0% when BMI cutoff values of International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) were used. Compared with PBF cutoff values for obesity, the IOTF recommended BMI cutoff values had relatively lower sensitivity (7.3% - 18.9%) and higher specificity (100%).

CONCLUSIONBMI correlated well with PBF in Beijing adolescent. IOTF-BMI cutoff values showed low sensitivity and high specificity to Chinese adolescent which might be suitable for identifying obesity but not for the purpose of screening.

Adolescent ; Adolescent Development ; physiology ; Age Factors ; Body Composition ; physiology ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Obesity ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Rural Population ; statistics & numerical data ; Sex Factors ; Suburban Population ; statistics & numerical data ; Urban Population ; statistics & numerical data

OBJECTIVETo compare the relative risk of waist circumference (WC) and/or BMI on cardiovascular risk factors.

METHODSA cross-sectional data of 41 087 adults (19 567 male and 21 520 female) from the 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were examined. According to the obesity definition of WGOC (BMI, 24 kg/m2 and 28 kg/m2; WC, male 85 cm and 95 cm for male, 80 cm and 90 cm for female), the study population were divided into 9 groups. The prevalence and odds ratio (ORs) of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (hypertension, high fasting plasma glucose and dyslipidemia) were compared among these 9 groups. Stepwise linear regression analyses were used to compare the likelihood of BMI and/or WC on CVD risk factors. RESULTS Both the indexes levels and the odds ratios of CVD risk factors were significantly increased (decreased for HDL-C levels) along with the increase of WC and/or BMI, even when the effect of age, sex, income, education, sedentary activity and dietary factors were adjusted. The variances (R2) in CVD risk factors explained by WC only and BMI only were quite similar, but a little bit larger when WC and BMI were combined. The standard beta was higher of BMI when predicting systolic BP and was higher of WC when predicting TG TC and HDL.

CONCLUSIONSBMI and WC had independent effects on CVD risk factors and combination of BMI and WC would be more predictive. Findings from the present study provided substantive evidence for the WGOC recommendation of a combined use of BMI and WC classifications.

Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Body Mass Index ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; epidemiology ; China ; Diabetes Mellitus ; epidemiology ; Dyslipidemias ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Risk Factors ; Waist Circumference

OBJECTIVETo study the interaction between polymorphisms of estrogen receptor (ER) gene and puberty on bone mineral density (BMD).

METHODSOne hundred and forty-six boys aged 13-17 years were divided into two groups according to their first spermorrhea. DNA was analyzed for Xba I and Pvu II genotypes by PCR-RFLP. BMD of the total body, forearm and lumbar spine was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The relationship between polymorphisms of ER gene and BMD in these two groups was analyzed.

RESULTSThe BMD at all sites in the spermorrhea group was significantly higher than that in the un-spermorrhea group. The independent contribution of ER genotypes to BMD at two pubertal stages was analyzed after adjusting co-variables. In the un-spermorrhea group, the BMD at distal 1/10 and 1/3 forearm of those carrying pp genotype was significantly higher than that of the non-carries, whereas in the spermorrhea group BMD in those carrying the same genotype was significantly lower than that in the non-carriers. Similar results were obtained by haplotype analysis. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that body weight, age and the first spermorrehea were the dominant determinants for BMD. BMD at forearm might be influenced by interaction between ER genotype and the first spermorrehea.

CONCLUSIONThe polymorphisms of ER gene play a different role in BMD influenced by the first spermorrhea. Chinese boys carrying p or x allele should pay more attention to their bone mass.

Absorptiometry, Photon ; Adolescent ; Base Sequence ; Bone Density ; DNA Primers ; Humans ; Male ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Puberty ; Receptors, Estrogen ; genetics ; Spermatozoa

OBJECTIVETo investigate intake of water in different periods of a day of primary and middle school students in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chengdu of China.

METHODSA total of 5914 primary and middle school students from Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chengdu were recruited using multiple-stage random sampling method from September to October 2011. Among them, 5868 students completed the survey. The information of amounts and types of drinking in 8 time periods, morning, afternoon, night as well as in meal and non-meal time in 24 hours of a day was recorded by subjects for seven consecutive days using a quantitative measurement. This information was analyzed by different periods.

RESULTSThe amount of drinking water among 8 periods of a day was (99 ± 101), (130 ± 106), (191 ± 155), (96 ± 107), (246 ± 172), (90 ± 101), (188 ± 135) and (50 ± 81) ml, respectively for before breakfast, during breakfast, after breakfast, during lunch, after lunch, during dinner, after dinner, and midnight (F = 1679.77, P < 0.01). Based on three periods of a day, the amount of drinking water in the morning (420 ± 242) ml was the statistically significantly most, followed by afternoon (341 ± 199) ml, and the least in the evening (327 ± 195) ml (F = 325.23, P < 0.01). The distribution trend of plain water in three periods was the same as total drinking water, with (270 ± 209), (250 ± 179) and (224 ± 177) ml, respectively (F = 84.89, P < 0.01) ; but beverage consumption was the most in the morning(151 ± 133) ml, then in the evening (103 ± 122) ml, and the least in the afternoon (91 ± 199) ml (F = 373.56, P < 0.01). The daily plain water consumption in meal time was (316 ± 247) ml, while it in non-meal time was (773 ± 445) ml with statistically significant difference (Z = 65.2, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in meal time between plain water (165 ± 194) ml and beverage (151 ± 152) ml (Z = 0.59, P = 0.56) whilst plain water (579 ± 408) ml in non-meal time was significantly higher than beverages (194 ± 204) ml (Z = 64.5, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe amount of drinking water of primary and middle school students in different periods of a day was different in four cities of China.

Adolescent ; Beverages ; Child ; China ; Diet Surveys ; Drinking Behavior ; Drinking Water ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Students ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Time Factors ; Urban Population

OBJECTIVETo investigate the number of drinking occasions per day and average amount consumed per drinking occasion of primary and middle school students in four cities of China, and understand the relationship among drinking occasion, average amount consumed per drinking occasion and total drinking water.

METHODSA total of 5914 primary and middle school students from Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chengdu were selected using multiple-stage random sampling method, and 5868 students completed the study from September to October in 2011. The detailed information of amounts and types of daily drinking water was recorded by subjects using a 24 hours measurement for seven consecutive days. Analysis of the relationship among drinking occasion, average amount consumed per drinking occasion and total drinking water was carried out.

RESULTSThe daily total drinking water of subjects was (1089 ± 540) ml; the daily number of drinking occasions was (4.7 ± 1.8) times, with 79.1% (4639/5868) of subjects reporting 6 or less drinking occasions. The amount consumed per drinking occasion was (239 ± 96) ml, plain water (231 ± 112) ml, and beverages (237 ± 112) ml. The number of drinking occasions of subjects was positively correlated with total drinking water (r = 0.614, P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with the average amount consumed per drinking occasion (r = -0.211, P < 0.05). Total drinking water and the average amount consumed per drinking occasion was positively correlated (r = 0.598, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe number of drinking occasion of primary and middle school students more than 6 times was fewer in four cities of China, but the average amount of beverages consumed per drinking occasion was relatively more. With the increasing of drinking occasion, the average amount consumed per drinking occasion decreased, but total drinking water increased.

Adolescent ; Beverages ; Child ; China ; Diet Surveys ; Drinking ; Drinking Water ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Students ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urban Population