OBJECTIVETo review the distribution and trends of bacterial culture specimens in Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology.

METHODSA retrospective analysis of the bacterial culture-positive rate, the distribution of gram' s stain, and the distribution and change of isolates was performed on 4705 specimens during a 10-year period (1989- 1998).

RESULTSPositive cultures numbered 1339 of the 4705 specimens, with a positive rate of 28.6%. Gram-positive cocci constituted 55.6% of the total isolates, followed by gram-positive bacilli 13.1% . Gram-negative cocci accounted for 2.8%, and gram-negative bacilli 28.5% . In the positive bacteria cultures, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (mainly Staphylococcous epidermidis) was the most common isolate (25.3%), and followed by Pseudomonas 18.8%, Micrococcus 11.7%, Cotynbaccterium 10.1%, and Staphylococcus aureus 8.2% . During the 10-year period, the overall frequency of gram-positive cocci appeared to increase with time while the frequency of gram-negative bacilli decreased.

CONCLUSIONSGram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli are still the predominant pathogens of ocular infection in northern China. The frequency of the former increases annually whereas that of the latter decreases. It is important to comprehend the distribution and trends of ocular pathogenic bacteria for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of bacterial infectious ocular disease.

Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; China ; Eye Infections, Bacterial ; etiology ; microbiology ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Cocci ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVE: To study whether there are differences in the bacteria distribution from the nasal cavity of the healthy children, teenagers and adults METHOD: The cotton swab specimens were taken from the nasal cavity of the healthy children, teenagers and adults for aerobic culture training. RESULT: Corynebacterium, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative Neisseria, alpha-hemolytic streptococcus and gram-negative bacillus with, six species of bacteria in total, were cultivated from the nasal cavity of 40 healthy children. The positive rate of bacterial culture was 80.0%; Corynebacterium, coagulase-negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus were cultivated from the nasal cavity of 40 healthy teenagers and 56 healthy adults with the positive rate of bacterial culture was 90.0% from the healthy teenagers group and was 92.9% from the healthy adults group. CONCLUSION There were obvious difference between the nasal cavity of the healthy children and adults with no obvious difference between the bacteria distribution from the nasal cavity of healthy teenagers and adults.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nasal Cavity ; microbiology ; Young Adult

Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Sepsis ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; microbiology

This study aims at trying to establish a novel method of sterility test for injections based on biothermodynamics, in order to overcome the deficiencies of routine sterility tests such as long detecting cycle, low sensitivity and prone to misjudgments. A biothermodynamics method was adopted to rapidly detect the microorganism contamination of injections by monitoring the heat metabolism during the growth of microbe. The growth rate equal to or greater than zero and the heat power difference of P(i) and P(0) with three folds higher than the noise of baseline were chosen as indexes to study the heat change rule of microbe. In this way, the effectiveness of the new method to detect strains required by conventional sterility test or in injection samples was also investigated. Results showed that the Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi demanded by sterility testing methodology could be detected by biothermodynamics method within 10 hours, with the sensitivity lower than 100 CFU x mL(-1). Meanwhile, this method was successfully applied to the sterility test of Compound Yinchen injection (FFYC), Shuanghuanglian powder injection (SHL) and Compound Triamcinolone injection (TAND) which were sterilized with different degrees. Therefore, the biothermodynamics method, with advantages of fast detection and high sensitivity, could be a complementary solution for conventional sterility tests.
Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Drug Contamination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Fungi ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Hot Temperature ; Injections ; Microbiological Techniques ; methods ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sterilization ; Triamcinolone ; administration & dosage ; chemistry

The objective of this study was to investigate clinical distribution characteristics and drug sensitivity of infection pathogens in hematology department wards of our hospital during recent two years. The isolation and cultivation of pathogens from samples were performed by routine methods. Drug sensitivity tests of bacteria were performed by Kirby-Bauer method. Drug sensitivity tests of fungi were performed by ATBFUNGUS Drug sensitivity strips. The results showed that 102 strains of pathogens were isolated from all detected samples. The composition ratio of Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi was 42.2%, 34.3%, 3.5%, respectively. 58.8% of pathogens were isolated from samples of malignant hematopathy patients. 27.5% were isolated from samples of the patients with fever of unknown origin (FUO). 51.0% of pathogens were isolated from samples of the patients who suffered from agranulocytosis or leucocytopenia. Isolated fungi were mostly sensitive to anti-fungal drugs. G+ bacteria were most sensitive to vancomycin. G- bacteria were most sensitive to imipenem. Most bacteria were resistant to multiple antibiotics. It is concluded that the infection in hematology department wards was related with many conditions, such as weakened resistance of patients, leucocytopenia or agranulocytosis, tumor loading, etc. The prompt microbiological examination and drug sensitivity tests are important to rationally select antibiotics, reduce infection incidence and mortality rate, and decrease the occurrence of drug resistant strains.
Cross Infection ; microbiology ; Fungi ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Hematologic Diseases ; microbiology ; Humans ; Imipenem ; pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Vancomycin ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the bacterial distribution and resistance to antibiotics in culture-positive urine, and to provide reference for rational use of antibiotics in clinical practice. METHODS: Distribution and antibiotic resistance to pathogens in 658 culture-positive patients from Jan. 1, 2007 to Dec. 31, 2008 were analyzed. RESULTS: (1)Pathogenic strains from the 658 patients were collected from the urine specimen in the survey, which included Gram-negative bacilli (70.82%), Gram-positive cocci (26.14%) and fungi (3.04%). The distribution rate of Escherichia coli declined from 68.91% in 2008 to 63.43% in 2007 (P>0.05), and Enterococcus rose from 3.37% to 7.67% (P>0.05), but the difference was not significant. The proportion of Gram-negative bacilli (especially the E.coli) from patients in the Emergency Department and Out-patient Department was higher than that from in-patients, and the proportion of K. pneumonia and Gram-positive bacteria was lower than in-patients, both with significant differences (P<0.05). (2) The resistance rate of E. coli and K. pneumonia to quinolones was 28.57%-56.25%, and the resistance rate to 3rd generation cephalosporin was 38.78%-65.78%, respectively. The resistance rate of Gram-positive cocci to quinolones and 3rd generation cephalosporin was both higher than 50%, and was 11.05% to Vancomycin. CONCLUSION Gram-negative bacilli such as E. coli and K. pneumonia are predominant organism in the urinary tract infections, but proportion of Gram-positive bacteria has increased in recent years. Attention needs to be paid to the overall and severe bacterial resistance in the urinary tract infections and rational use of antibiotics.
Adult ; Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary ; pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Tract Infections ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Urine ; microbiology

OBJECTIVETo explore the distribution and antibiotic resistance of pathogens in lesions of diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) and analyze the risk factors causing osteomyelitis.

METHODSA total of 372 patients with diabetic foot infections hospitalized between January 2011 and December 2014, including 203 with osteomyelitis (OM group) and 169 without osteomyelitis (non-OM group), were examined for the distribution and antibiotic resistance profile of the pathogens in the wounds. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors causing osteomyelitis.

RESULTSGram-negative bacteria were the predominant pathogens (53.7%) in the infected wounds in OM group, whereas Gram-positive bacteria were the most frequently found (56.7%) in non-OM group (P=0.001). Among the Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus was the dominating flora (35.1%). The resistance rate to oxacillin and cefoxitin of the isolated bacteria in OM group (64.9% and 68.5%, respectively) was significantly higher than that in non-OM group (29.2% and 32.6%, respectively; P<0.05). Among the gram-negative bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae was the dominating flora (62.4%), with a higher resistance rate to Cefepime and Aztreonam in OM group (30.1% and 38.6%, respectively) than in non-OM group (15.1% and 22.2%, respectively; P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that the infection by multi-drug resistant bacteria and an wounds area >4 cm(2) were the risk factors for osteomyelitis in patients with diabetic foot infections (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONIn addition to an empirical anti-infection therapy, clinicians should choose specific antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria according to the microbial spectrum and antibiotic resistance of pathogens in patients with DFO; patients with diabetic foot infections by multi-drug resistant bacteria and those with a wound area exceeding 4 cm(2) are exposed to an increased risk of osteomyelitis.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Cephalosporins ; Diabetic Foot ; microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; classification ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; classification ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Osteomyelitis ; microbiology ; Risk Factors ; Wound Infection ; microbiology

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of cryptogenic and biliary pyogenic liver abscess by comparing the clinical aspects between the two groups. METHODS: Of 119 patients treated for pyogenic liver abscess from 2000 to 2004, 82 subjects with cryptogenic liver abscess and 21 with biliary abscess were analysed retrospectively. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding clinical symptoms. The characteristics of abscess were similar except the size of abscess. The size of abscess less than 5 cm in diameter was more common in billiary group than in cryptogenic group (p=0.004). Compare to cryptogenic group, biliary group had more positive culture test from abscess (100% vs. 69%, p=0.006). Especially, E. coli isolated from abscess culture (28% vs. 7%, p=0.014) and blood culcure (23% vs. 4%, p=0.035) were more common in biliary group than in cryptogenic group. There was no difference in mortality between the two groups (biliary vs. cryptogenic: 4.8% vs. 0%, p=0.204). However, the rate of clinical improvement was higher in cryptogenic group than in biliary group (92.7% vs. 66.7%, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Biliary liver abscess had similar clinical characteristics to cryptogenic origin. Biliary liver abscess had smaller abscess size and more positive abscess culture rates than cryptogenic abscess. Improvement rate without complication and recurrence was higher in cryptogenic group than biliary group.
Aged ; Biliary Tract Diseases/*diagnosis ; Blood Chemical Analysis ; Female ; Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria/isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Liver Abscess, Pyogenic/*diagnosis/microbiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Diversion colitis is the inflammation of the excluded segment of the colon in patients undergoing ostomy. It has been suggested that a change in colonic flora may lead to colitis; however, direct evidence for this disease progression is lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the severity of diversion colitis and the composition of colonic bacteria. METHODS: We used culture methods and polymerase chain reaction to analyze the colonic microflora of patients who underwent rectal cancer resection with or without diversion ileostomy. In the diversion group, we also evaluated the severity of colonoscopic and pathologic colitis before reversal. RESULTS: This study enrolled 48 patients: 26 in the diversion group and 22 in the control group. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in the levels of Staphylococcus (p=0.038), Enterococcus (p<0.001), Klebsiella (p<0.001), Pseudomonas (p=0.015), Lactobacillus (p=0.038), presence of anaerobes (p=0.019), and Bifidobacterium (p<0.001). A significant correlation between the severity of colitis and bacterial composition was only observed for Bifidobacterium (p=0.005, correlation coefficient=-0.531). CONCLUSIONS: The colonic microflora differed significantly between the diversion and control groups. Bifidobacterium was negatively correlated with the severity of diversion colitis.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Case-Control Studies ; Colitis/*microbiology ; Colon/*microbiology ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Ileostomy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Pouchitis/*microbiology ; Prospective Studies ; Rectal Neoplasms/microbiology/surgery

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the reliability and accuracy of the combined use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) bacterial identification and Vitek 2 antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) for bacteria from positive blood culture bottles. METHODS: Direct identification and AST were performed in parallel to the standard methods in monomicrobial positive blood culture bottles. In total, 254 isolates grown on aerobic and/or anaerobic bottles were identified with MALDI-TOF Vitek MS (bioMerieux, France), and 1,978 microorganism/antimicrobial agent combinations were assessed. For isolates from anaerobic bottles, an aliquot of the culture broth was centrifuged, washed, and filtered through a nylon mesh. For isolates from aerobic/pediatric bottles, a lysis step using 9.26% ammonium chloride solution and 2% saponin solution was included. RESULTS: The overall correct identification rate was 81.8% (208/254) and that for gram-positive/gram-negative isolates was 73.9%/92.6%, respectively, and it was 81.8%, 87.6%, and 57.9% for isolates from aerobic, anaerobic, and pediatric bottles, respectively. Identification was not possible in 45 cases, and most of these isolates were streptococci (N=14) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (N=11). Misidentification occurred only in one case. Compared with standard methods, direct AST showed 97.9% (1,936/1,978) agreement with very major error of 0.25%, major error of 0.05%, and minor error of 1.8%. CONCLUSIONS: This simple and cost-effective sample preparation method gives reliable results for the direct identification and AST of bacteria. For the identification of streptococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci, the method should be further improved.
Adult ; Ammonium Chloride/chemistry ; Anti-Infective Agents/*pharmacology ; Child ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects/*isolation & purification/metabolism ; Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects/*isolation & purification/metabolism ; Humans ; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic ; Saponins/chemistry ; *Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization