OBJECTIVETo review the distribution and trends of bacterial culture specimens in Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology.

METHODSA retrospective analysis of the bacterial culture-positive rate, the distribution of gram' s stain, and the distribution and change of isolates was performed on 4705 specimens during a 10-year period (1989- 1998).

RESULTSPositive cultures numbered 1339 of the 4705 specimens, with a positive rate of 28.6%. Gram-positive cocci constituted 55.6% of the total isolates, followed by gram-positive bacilli 13.1% . Gram-negative cocci accounted for 2.8%, and gram-negative bacilli 28.5% . In the positive bacteria cultures, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (mainly Staphylococcous epidermidis) was the most common isolate (25.3%), and followed by Pseudomonas 18.8%, Micrococcus 11.7%, Cotynbaccterium 10.1%, and Staphylococcus aureus 8.2% . During the 10-year period, the overall frequency of gram-positive cocci appeared to increase with time while the frequency of gram-negative bacilli decreased.

CONCLUSIONSGram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli are still the predominant pathogens of ocular infection in northern China. The frequency of the former increases annually whereas that of the latter decreases. It is important to comprehend the distribution and trends of ocular pathogenic bacteria for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of bacterial infectious ocular disease.

Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; China ; Eye Infections, Bacterial ; etiology ; microbiology ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Cocci ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVE: To study whether there are differences in the bacteria distribution from the nasal cavity of the healthy children, teenagers and adults METHOD: The cotton swab specimens were taken from the nasal cavity of the healthy children, teenagers and adults for aerobic culture training. RESULT: Corynebacterium, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative Neisseria, alpha-hemolytic streptococcus and gram-negative bacillus with, six species of bacteria in total, were cultivated from the nasal cavity of 40 healthy children. The positive rate of bacterial culture was 80.0%; Corynebacterium, coagulase-negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus were cultivated from the nasal cavity of 40 healthy teenagers and 56 healthy adults with the positive rate of bacterial culture was 90.0% from the healthy teenagers group and was 92.9% from the healthy adults group. CONCLUSION There were obvious difference between the nasal cavity of the healthy children and adults with no obvious difference between the bacteria distribution from the nasal cavity of healthy teenagers and adults.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nasal Cavity ; microbiology ; Young Adult

Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Sepsis ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; microbiology

The objective of this study was to investigate clinical distribution characteristics and drug sensitivity of infection pathogens in hematology department wards of our hospital during recent two years. The isolation and cultivation of pathogens from samples were performed by routine methods. Drug sensitivity tests of bacteria were performed by Kirby-Bauer method. Drug sensitivity tests of fungi were performed by ATBFUNGUS Drug sensitivity strips. The results showed that 102 strains of pathogens were isolated from all detected samples. The composition ratio of Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi was 42.2%, 34.3%, 3.5%, respectively. 58.8% of pathogens were isolated from samples of malignant hematopathy patients. 27.5% were isolated from samples of the patients with fever of unknown origin (FUO). 51.0% of pathogens were isolated from samples of the patients who suffered from agranulocytosis or leucocytopenia. Isolated fungi were mostly sensitive to anti-fungal drugs. G+ bacteria were most sensitive to vancomycin. G- bacteria were most sensitive to imipenem. Most bacteria were resistant to multiple antibiotics. It is concluded that the infection in hematology department wards was related with many conditions, such as weakened resistance of patients, leucocytopenia or agranulocytosis, tumor loading, etc. The prompt microbiological examination and drug sensitivity tests are important to rationally select antibiotics, reduce infection incidence and mortality rate, and decrease the occurrence of drug resistant strains.
Cross Infection ; microbiology ; Fungi ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Hematologic Diseases ; microbiology ; Humans ; Imipenem ; pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Vancomycin ; pharmacology

This study aims at trying to establish a novel method of sterility test for injections based on biothermodynamics, in order to overcome the deficiencies of routine sterility tests such as long detecting cycle, low sensitivity and prone to misjudgments. A biothermodynamics method was adopted to rapidly detect the microorganism contamination of injections by monitoring the heat metabolism during the growth of microbe. The growth rate equal to or greater than zero and the heat power difference of P(i) and P(0) with three folds higher than the noise of baseline were chosen as indexes to study the heat change rule of microbe. In this way, the effectiveness of the new method to detect strains required by conventional sterility test or in injection samples was also investigated. Results showed that the Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi demanded by sterility testing methodology could be detected by biothermodynamics method within 10 hours, with the sensitivity lower than 100 CFU x mL(-1). Meanwhile, this method was successfully applied to the sterility test of Compound Yinchen injection (FFYC), Shuanghuanglian powder injection (SHL) and Compound Triamcinolone injection (TAND) which were sterilized with different degrees. Therefore, the biothermodynamics method, with advantages of fast detection and high sensitivity, could be a complementary solution for conventional sterility tests.
Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Drug Contamination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Fungi ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Hot Temperature ; Injections ; Microbiological Techniques ; methods ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sterilization ; Triamcinolone ; administration & dosage ; chemistry

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the bacterial distribution and resistance to antibiotics in culture-positive urine, and to provide reference for rational use of antibiotics in clinical practice. METHODS: Distribution and antibiotic resistance to pathogens in 658 culture-positive patients from Jan. 1, 2007 to Dec. 31, 2008 were analyzed. RESULTS: (1)Pathogenic strains from the 658 patients were collected from the urine specimen in the survey, which included Gram-negative bacilli (70.82%), Gram-positive cocci (26.14%) and fungi (3.04%). The distribution rate of Escherichia coli declined from 68.91% in 2008 to 63.43% in 2007 (P>0.05), and Enterococcus rose from 3.37% to 7.67% (P>0.05), but the difference was not significant. The proportion of Gram-negative bacilli (especially the E.coli) from patients in the Emergency Department and Out-patient Department was higher than that from in-patients, and the proportion of K. pneumonia and Gram-positive bacteria was lower than in-patients, both with significant differences (P<0.05). (2) The resistance rate of E. coli and K. pneumonia to quinolones was 28.57%-56.25%, and the resistance rate to 3rd generation cephalosporin was 38.78%-65.78%, respectively. The resistance rate of Gram-positive cocci to quinolones and 3rd generation cephalosporin was both higher than 50%, and was 11.05% to Vancomycin. CONCLUSION Gram-negative bacilli such as E. coli and K. pneumonia are predominant organism in the urinary tract infections, but proportion of Gram-positive bacteria has increased in recent years. Attention needs to be paid to the overall and severe bacterial resistance in the urinary tract infections and rational use of antibiotics.
Adult ; Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary ; pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Tract Infections ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Urine ; microbiology

OBJECTIVETo observe the bacterial characteristic of orthopedic open wounds injured in Wenchuan earthquake and their drug-resistant pattern for reasonable application of antibiotics.

METHODSA total of 340 secretion specimens isolated from 148 cases of orthopedic open wounds of earthquake victims were analyzed. Among the patients, 71 patients were male and 77 patients were female, ranging in age from 2 to 82 years, with an average of 40.4 years. Thirty-seven patients were detained under the ground ranged from 5 min to 102 h. The 340 specimens of exudation in the wound were collected for bacterial culture and drug sensitivity tests.

RESULTSThe infection rate of 148 cases was 66.2 percent. Two hundred and fifty-seven pathogens were isolated from 340 secretion specimen, including gram-negative bacteria accounted for 77.8%, gram-positive bacteria accounted for 20.6%. The most frequent pathogens isolated from secretion culture in Wenchuan earthquake survivors were Escherichia coli (16.3%), Acinetobacter baumannii (16.0%), Staphylococcus aureus (13.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.5%) and Enterobacter cloacae (8.6%).

CONCLUSIONThe drug sensitivity test of exudation as well as exact application of antibiotics should be highly payed attention to by doctors in order to reduce the occurrence of bacterial resistance.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Earthquakes ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Survivors ; Wounds and Injuries ; microbiology ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the distribution and the drug resistance pattern of pathogenic bacteria isolated from pediatric cases suffering from wounds infection following the Wenchuan earthquake.

METHODSOf the ninety-eight injured children, 50 had wound infection diagnosed by clinical examination. Specimens for culture were collected from the fifty injured children and the results of bacterial identification and antibiotic resistance were retrospectively reviewed.

RESULTSIn the fifty injured children with wound infection, microbial growth was detected in 31 (62.0%) and 21 children suffered from mixed infections (the infection rate was 67.7%). Ninety-nine pathogens were isolated, gram positive bacteria accounted for 16.16% (16 strains), Gram negative bacteria accounted for 81.82% (81 strains), and fungus 2.02% (2 strains). Staphylococcus aureus (5 strains, 5.05%), Enterococcus faecalis (3 strains, 3.03%) and Enterococcus faecium (2 strains, 2.02%) were the primary Gram-positive bacteria identified and Gram-negative infections typically included Acinetobacter baumanii (27 strains, 27.27%), Enterobacter cloacae (18 strains, 18.18%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13 strains, 13.13%). Acinetobacter baumanii was the most common organism isolated from wounds. Duration of being szeged and complications had a significant association with wound infection with Acinetobacter baumanii. Drug sensitivity tests displayed that the isolated bacteria were highly resistant to common antibiotics. One strain of Acinetobacter baumanii-calcoaceticus complex and six strains of Acinetobacter baumanii were resistant to all common antibiotics including imipenem/cilastatin. Vancomycin-resistant Gram-positive bacteria were not identified.

CONCLUSIONFollowing the Wenchuan earthquake disaster, wound infection profiles of pediatric patients were significantly different, Acinetobacter baumanii was the main common organism isolated from wounds in contrast to the previous low isolation rate. The isolated bacteria were highly and multiple drug resistant and it was difficult to treat. Knowing the distribution and the drug resistance pattern of pathogen is of paramount importance in guiding the clinical treatment.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Disasters ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Earthquakes ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Wound Infection ; microbiology ; Wounds and Injuries ; microbiology

OBJECTIVETo explore the bacteria isolated from middle nasal meatus, maxillary sinus, ethmoid sinus and postoperative cavity of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and their characteristics of antibiotic resistance.

METHODSEighty-seven patients with chronic rhinosinusitis were operated on by ESS to obtain the pus specimen for bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility test, before and 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after operation.

RESULTSTotally 645 strains (26 species) of bacteria were detected in 464 specimens [total positive rate was 78.9% (366/464)], in which aerobic bacteria was 95.3% (615/645). Gram negative bacteria and gram positive bacteria were 51.2% (330/645) and 48.8% (315/645), respectively. There was supernumerary tendency in detectable rate of gram negative bacteria isolated from postoperative groups. The main pathogens of postoperative patients were gram negative bacteria, with Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Hemophilus influenza occupying the first 3 places. The detectable rate of multiple drug resistance bacteria in postoperative group was much higher than preoperative groups, in which gram negative bacteria was the most, especially for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. There was significant difference in beta-lactamase detectable rate of the bacteria isolated from the delayed recovery group and the preoperative group (chi2 = 4.85, P < 0.05), Enterobacteriaceae occupied the first place among the beta-lactamase detectable bacteria isolated from the delayed recovery group. There was no significant difference in detectable rate of kinds of bacteria isolated from recovery group and control group.

CONCLUSIONSThe main pathogens of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis are multiple drug resistance gram negative bacteria after operation, in which Pseudomonas aeruginosa occupies the first place. Gram negative bacteria are becoming the main opportunity pathogenic bacteria, which shows antibiotic resistance. microbial population of postoperative cavity from recovery group are becoming balanced.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Bodily Secretions ; microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Endoscopy ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures ; Postoperative Period ; Rhinitis ; microbiology ; surgery ; Sinusitis ; microbiology ; surgery ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the distribution and drug-resistance of bacteria in the lower respiratory tract in patients with tuberculosis and severe pneumonia receiving invasive mechanical ventilation.

METHODSThe clinical data, lower respiratory tract infection pathogens and bacterial drug sensitivity were analyzed in 208 patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation for tuberculosis and severe pneumonia.

RESULTSA total of 355 pathogenic microbial strains were obtained from the patients, among which 281 (79.2%) strains were Gram-negative bacteria, 62 (17.5%) were fungi, and 12 (3.4%) were Gram-positive bacteria. Mixed infections were found in 68 cases (19.2%). The sensitivity rates of meropenem, imipenem and amikacin were over 60% for Gram-negative bacteria, and those of teicoplanin, vancomycin, and fusidic acid were 100% for Gram-positive bacteria.

CONCLUSIONThe main pathogenic bacteria are Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and Gram-positive bacteria in the lower respiratory tract of patients with tuberculosis and severe pneumonia receiving mechanical ventilation. Meropenem, imipenem and amikacin are effective antibiotics for lower respiratory tract infections, and multi-drug resistance is frequent in these patients, which urges appropriate use of the antibiotics.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Pneumonia, Bacterial ; microbiology ; Respiration, Artificial ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; microbiology ; Tuberculosis ; microbiology