BACKGROUNDThe Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends program monitors the activity of antibiotics against aerobic and facultative Gram-negative bacilli (GNBs) from intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) in patients worldwide.

METHODSIn 2011, 1 929 aerobic and facultative GNBs from 21 hospitals in 16 cities in China were collected. All isolates were tested using a panel of 12 antimicrobial agents, and susceptibility was determined following the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.

RESULTSAmong the Gram-negative pathogens causing IAIs, Escherichia coli (47.3%) was the most commonly isolated, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.1%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (8.3%). Enterobacteriaceae comprised 78.8% (1521/1929) of the total isolates. Among the antimicrobial agents tested, ertapenem and imipenem were the most active agents against Enterobacteriaceae, with susceptibility rates of 95.1% and 94.4%, followed by amikacin (93.9%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (87.7%). Susceptibility rates of ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and cefepime against Enterobacteriaceae were 38.3%, 38.3%, 61.1%, and 50.8%, respectively. The leastactive agent against Enterobacteriaceae was ampicillin/sulbactam (25.9%). The extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) rates among E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Proteus mirabilis were 68.8%, 38.1%, 41.2%, and 57.7%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSEnterobacteriaceae were the major pathogens causing IAIs, and the most active agents against the study isolates (including those producing ESBLs) were ertapenem, imipenem, and amikacin. Including the carbapenems, most agents exhibited reduced susceptibility against ESBL-positive and multidrug-resistant isolates.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; China ; Enterobacteriaceae ; classification ; drug effects ; genetics ; pathogenicity ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; classification ; genetics ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections ; microbiology ; Humans ; Intraabdominal Infections ; microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests

OBJECTIVENanobacteria, a new kind of bacteria found by a Finnish scholar, is considered to relate to many human diseases like nephrolithiasis. However, there are no data available on nanobacteria infection in Chinese people.

METHODSNanobacteria was detected in serum of 336 cases of healthy adults in Southern China by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry stain. The monoclonal antibody of nanobacterum was supplied by Kuipio University of Finland.

RESULTSNanobacteria infection rates were 27 (8.0%), 19 (5.7%) in the healthy adults by ELISA and immunohistochemistry stain respectively. No difference was shown between the 2 methods and between male and female, statistically. Age and sex did not seem to be related to the infectious risk of nanobacteria. However, the infectious rate was lower in those below 30-year-old than that of people over 60-year-old (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONNanobacteria was existed in the serum of Chinese healthy people with an infectious rate of 8.0%.

Adult ; Arteriosclerosis ; microbiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections ; blood ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kidney Calculi ; microbiology ; Male

Achromobacter denitrificans ; Adult ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections ; complications ; Humans ; Jaundice, Obstructive ; etiology ; Liver Abscess ; microbiology ; Male

Female ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; Humans ; Leukemia ; complications ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Skin Diseases, Bacterial ; microbiology ; Soft Tissue Infections ; microbiology

OBJECTIVE: To study the distribution and drug sensitivity test of bacteria of patients on chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps. METHOD: The purulent discharges were collected from sinus of 175 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps during endoscopic sinus surgery. The results of germiculture and drug sensitivity test were analyzed. RESULT: From 175 specimens, 118 (67%) showed positive results in germiculture. Among them, 79 strains of gram positive bacteria and 39 strains of gram negative bacteria were detected. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus haemolyticus were the most common pathogens in gram positive bacteria. The most common pathogens of gram negative bacteria were P. Aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae. The sensitive antibiotic on gram positive bacteria were amikacin, Daptomycin, Linezolid, vancomycin, teicoplanin, amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium, cefuroxime, respectively. The sensitive antibiotics on Gram negative bacteria were amikacin, Cefoperazone/sulbactam and imipenem, ceftazidime ceftazidime, aztreonam, levofloxacin, respectively. CONCLUSION Bacterial infection was common happened in the sinus cavity of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps. Gram positive bacteria were the main pathogenic bacteria and gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria have great differences in the sensitivity of antibiotics. For patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, the using of antibiotics should depend on the drug sensitivity test.
Bacterial Infections ; complications ; drug therapy ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; drug effects ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; drug effects ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Nasal Polyps ; microbiology ; Rhinitis ; microbiology ; Sinusitis ; microbiology

In order to investigate the distribution of nosocomial infection in patients with hematological diseases in our hospital, and to explore the changes of the pathogens isolated. The method of retrospective investigation and analysis was employed. 1164 strain pathogens were isolated from the patients with hematological diseases during the period of 1997-2009. The results showed that the Gram-positive cocci infection increased gradually during the 13 years, but has been stable in the last 4 years. The Gram-negative bacteria showed a trend decrease. The fungi increased during these years. The rates of infection with gram-positive cocci, gram-negative bacteria and fungus were 28.2%, 59.8% and 12.0% respectively. For the details, Escherichia coli infection rate was the highest: 12.1%, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.1%), Enterobacter (8.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.4%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (6.3%) and Enterococci (6.6%). The distribution of G(+)- and G⁻ pathogens showed obvious change on end of 1990's and beginning of this century, but it was tending towards stability on recent years; the incidence of fungus was tending towards increase, which was related to wide application of strong broad-spectrum antibiotics. In conclusion, the patients with hematological diseases, as the high-risk group of nosocomial infection, should be monitored strictly. Infection is related to many factors, and the main factor is dysfunction of autoimmunity. The strategies should be explored to strengthen the immune protection and set up a reasonable scheme of antibiotics.
Adult ; Bacterial Infections ; epidemiology ; Cross Infection ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Escherichia coli ; isolation & purification ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Hematologic Diseases ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

The purpose of this study was to determine the changes of pathogens in hematological ward and susceptibility of patients received chemotherapy to antibiotics. The pathogens were taken from blood, urine and sputum of patients who accepted chemotherapy from years 2001 to 2005, then were isolated and identified. The susceptibility test was performed by disk diffusion method. The results showed that the total of 418 strains were detected. Gram-negative bacteria were the most common of nosocomial infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, E. coli account for the most of Gram negative- bacteria infection and most resistant to broad-spectrum penicillin, Acinetobacter baumannii showed a trend of increase. The ratios of gram positive bacteria and fungi were increased slowly, mainly as Enterococcus and Candida. Enterococcus is the most common cause of Gram-positive bacterial infection. Vancomycin resistance did not occur. It is concluded that Gram-negative bacteria are main cause of nosocomial infection in patients with hematological malignancies. Gram positive bacteria and fungi had been more frequent. Strains resistant to antimicrobial agents increase.
Cross Infection ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Hematologic Diseases ; microbiology ; Hematologic Neoplasms ; microbiology ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Infections by Cronobacter spp. are hazardous to infants since they can lead to neonatal meningitis, bacteremia, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Cronobacter spp. are frequently resistant to β-lactam derivatives, macrolides, and aminoglycosides. In addition, multi-resistant strains have also been detected. In China, the isolation rate of Cronobacter spp. from commercial powdered infant formula (PIF) or follow-up formula (FUF) is relatively high. Nevertheless, clinical cases of Cronobacter infection have been ignored to date. Here we describe two cases of Cronobacter infection detected at the Wuhan Women and Children Medical Care Center Hospital (Wuhan City, China). We provide the genomic analysis of the isolates and the antibiotic-resistance profiles of the two strains. The Cronobacter strains identified in this study were not susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins, aminoglycoside, and/or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Whole genome sequencing revealed various genes known to encode antibiotic resistance. Future studies are needed to determine whether the genes predicted in this study are functional. As with Enterobacter spp., the antibiotic resistance of Cronobacter is a serious issue that requires more attention.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Cronobacter ; drug effects ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Fatal Outcome ; Female ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections ; microbiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Meningitis, Bacterial ; microbiology

BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and some gram-negative bacilli are very prevalent nosocomial pathogens, commonly causing mixed infections, and are often resistant to multiple drugs. Arbekacin is an aminoglycoside used for the treatment of MRSA infections, but is also active against some gram-negative bacilli. The aim of this study was to determine in vitro activity of arbekacin against recent clinical isolates of staphylococci and gram-negative bacilli. Materials and METHODS: The strains were isolated from clinical specimens of patients at Severance Hospital in 2003. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute agar dilution method. The following arbekacin breakpoints were used: susceptible, < or =4 microgram/mL; and resistant, > or =16 microgram/mL . RESULTS: All isolates of staphylococci tested were inhibited by < or =4 microgram/mL of arbekacin, regardless of their methicillin susceptibility. The MIC90s of arbekacin, 1-4 microgram/mL, were 8->32-fold and >32-128-fold lower than those of amikacin and gentamicin, respectively. The resistance rates of MRSA, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) and methicillin-susceptible CNS were 0% to arbekacin, 0-54% to amikacin, and 24-79% to gentamicin. The MIC90s of arbekacin for Escherichia coli and Citrobacter freundii, 1 microgram/mL and 16 microgram/mL, were 2-4-fold and 8-16-fold lower than those of amikacin and gentamicin, respectively. However, The MIC90s of arbekacin for other species of gram-negative bacilli, 64->128 microgram/mL, were similar to those of other aminoglycosides. CONCLUSIONS: Arbekacin may be a useful alternative to glycopeptides for the treatment of monomicrobial methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections, as well as mixed infections with gram-negative bacilli, as most isolates of E. coli, C. freundii and some other gram-negative bacilli were also susceptible to arbekacin.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Dibekacin/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/*drug effects/isolation & purification ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; Humans ; Methicillin Resistance ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/*drug effects/isolation & purification

BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and some gram-negative bacilli are very prevalent nosocomial pathogens, commonly causing mixed infections, and are often resistant to multiple drugs. Arbekacin is an aminoglycoside used for the treatment of MRSA infections, but is also active against some gram-negative bacilli. The aim of this study was to determine in vitro activity of arbekacin against recent clinical isolates of staphylococci and gram-negative bacilli. Materials and METHODS: The strains were isolated from clinical specimens of patients at Severance Hospital in 2003. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute agar dilution method. The following arbekacin breakpoints were used: susceptible, < or =4 microgram/mL; and resistant, > or =16 microgram/mL . RESULTS: All isolates of staphylococci tested were inhibited by < or =4 microgram/mL of arbekacin, regardless of their methicillin susceptibility. The MIC90s of arbekacin, 1-4 microgram/mL, were 8->32-fold and >32-128-fold lower than those of amikacin and gentamicin, respectively. The resistance rates of MRSA, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) and methicillin-susceptible CNS were 0% to arbekacin, 0-54% to amikacin, and 24-79% to gentamicin. The MIC90s of arbekacin for Escherichia coli and Citrobacter freundii, 1 microgram/mL and 16 microgram/mL, were 2-4-fold and 8-16-fold lower than those of amikacin and gentamicin, respectively. However, The MIC90s of arbekacin for other species of gram-negative bacilli, 64->128 microgram/mL, were similar to those of other aminoglycosides. CONCLUSIONS: Arbekacin may be a useful alternative to glycopeptides for the treatment of monomicrobial methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections, as well as mixed infections with gram-negative bacilli, as most isolates of E. coli, C. freundii and some other gram-negative bacilli were also susceptible to arbekacin.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Dibekacin/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/*drug effects/isolation & purification ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; Humans ; Methicillin Resistance ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/*drug effects/isolation & purification