This article explores the setup and development of the provincial medical system during the early days of Koryo(918-1392) Dynasty. Under the reign of King HyunJong(1009-1031) the dualistic medical system of the UiSa(a medical officer) and the YakJumSa(a provincial medical officer) was established. The former, the officer of central government, were sent to the local government, and the latter, the successor of provincial powerful clan, operated the YakJum. The Uisa supervised the YakJumSa in 13 local governments, and it indicates the will and the limitation of the power of Koryo government. On the other hand, a great number of the YakJumSa were spreaded throughout the country except the capital and the vice capital, and it means the development of medical system during the early days of Koryo. The missions of the Uisa and the YakJumSa were instructing the medical students, collecting the tribute herbs, treatment, and relieve the poor people. And they just took the right of collecting tax of the land as their salaries, and it was different from the another officers. This dualistic medical system of the UiSa and the YakJumSa got under way in the reign of King MoonJong(1046-1083). But after the reign of King YeJong(1105-1122) the YakJumSa became the only provincial medical officer as the UiSa had been perished for reducing the ruling system. So the monistic medical system of the YakJumSa was the final provincial medical system of Koryo. Despite accomplishing the nationwide medical network with the YakJumSa, Koryo government failed to maintain and develop the provincial medical system with the UiSa. And it caused the difference of medical standard between the ruling class of the capital and the people of the province. Therefore, it can be said that the important principal of the medical system of Koryo was hierarchy accordance with the regional difference.
Delivery of Health Care/*history/organization & administration ; Education, Medical/history ; Government/*history ; History, Medieval ; Korea ; Local Government

Richard Wunsch war ein deutscher Arzt, der zur Zeit der Grundung des koreanischen Kaiserreichs nach Korea kam und bis 1905 als Kunigsarzt tatig war. Der Grund seiner Einreise nach Korea hatte einen geschichtlichen Hintergrund. Damals stand Korea unter dem groBen EinfluB von America und Japan Korea versuchte durch die Einbeziehung von RuBland und Deutschland die japanische Macht zuruckzuhalten und die Einreise von Wunsch trug dazu das japanische politische Ubergeschwicht abzunehmen. Da seine Einreise eher ein politischer Grund war, hat der Konig ihn als Konigsarzt nicht voll akzeptiert. So hat Wunsch nicht nur im Koniglichen Palast als Arzt gearbeitet, sondern auch im privaten Bereich arztlich tatig gewesen Zusatzlich hat er sich fur die Seuchenbekampfung eingesetzt Insbesondere im Jahr 1902, als Cholera ausbrach, hat er MaBnahmen gegen die ansteckende Krankheiten getroffen die viel konkreter waren als die von Korea. Obwohl Richard Wusch vertragsmaBig als Konigsarzt seine Aufgaben gut erfullen sollte, hat er auch personlich viele Patienten arztlich behandelt. So hat er zum Beispiel wahrend des Krieges zwischen RuBland und Japan viele verletzte Soldaten arztlich behandelt und seine operativen Techniken den anderen Arzten beigebracht. Wunsch interessierte sich auch fur die medizische Ausbildung. So versuchte er eine medizinische Schule zu grunden was leider aufgrund der schlechten finanziellen Lage nicht erf llt werden konnte. Da sein Besuch nach Korea mehr ein politischer Grund war, wurde seine Tatigkeit politisch uberwacht. Nachdem Japan im Krieg RuBland besiegte, ergrief auch die politische Macht in Korea. Nach dieser Macht bernehme lieB Japan nicht mehr zu daB Wunsch als Konigsarzt weiterhin tatig ist. So muBte Wusch 1905 Korea verlassen und starb 1911 in China.
Germany ; *Government ; History of Medicine, 19th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; International Cooperation/*history ; Korea ; *Medicine ; Physicians/*history ; *Politics ; War/*history

Taeuiwon was in charge of the medical care of the royal family in the Chosun period of 1898. The Taeuiwon Ilgi is the document which was recorded by Taeuiwon officials. In this study, the authors studied the contents of Taeuiwon Ilgi of 1898 in order to understand the medical care of the royal family of Chosun Kingdom. In 1898, Taeuiwon took some careful measures to take good care of the royal family. Taeuiwon physicians made regular inquiry about their health through the format called Moonan. The Moonan was to check out the health conditions of them. When Taeuiwon carried out Moonan, Emperor Kojong was asked to take a medical examination called Ipjin by the court physicians of Taeuiwon, even if he were in good condition. Taeuiwon physicians also regularly prescribed Insamsokmium, when the royal family performed the religious service or went into mourning. Insamsokmium is a kind of restorative food containing ginseng. From the above, we could conclude that Taeuiwon provided the preventive care to them. It was considered the proper way to such kind of high personage in that period.
English Abstract ; *Famous Persons ; Government ; History, 19th Century ; Korea

The first Korean record on the smallpox can be found in the Hyangyak-Kukupbang compiled during the period of late Koryo dynasty. The record told on the cause, symptom, preventive and curative method of the disease but it did not touch upon its infectivity. Jeong Yak-Yong and Lee Jong-In of late 18th and early 19th centuries recognized first that the disease is infectious and it can be prevented by the vaccination method. But the vaccination against smallpox had not been carried out in public until 1880. From 1879 Chi Suk-Young began to try it privately to his relatives and neighbors. For sometime the smallpox vaccination was considered foreign and heretical by many people and some officers, so the trial of Chi and his colleagues had to go through an ordeal until the Reform of 1894. In 1895 the government first proclaimed an Ordinance on the Smallpox Vaccination in October and an Ordinance on the Training Center for Smallpox Vaccination in November. And two years later, in 1897 to bring up the vaccination doctors the government established the Training Center for Smallpox Vaccination, which was in 1899 integrated into the Medical school, the first modern and westernized medical school run by Korean government. Many of the vaccination doctors were posted at the newly established Office of Smallpox Vaccination by the government to perform their activities there until 1907.
English Abstract ; *Government ; History of Medicine, 18th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 19th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; Human ; Immunization/history ; Korea ; Public Health/*history ; Smallpox/*history ; Vaccination/*history

Since the late 18th century, the Korean traditional medicine trade witnessed a steady growth. There were lots of stores which sold Korean medicinal herbs in Seoul and every major towns had at least one or more stores in Korea, which led to a subsequent growth of people involved in the trade. However, Korean medicine merchants encountered a new environment with the influx of western medicines after the Opening of Ports and the execution of modern medicine policies. Such change of atmosphere led the merchants to seek new breakthroughs. Some of the merchants found the answer in producing and selling patent medicine. The people in the industry had little knowledge of western medicine, so that they had little choice but to combine their experience of Korean medicine with whatever information they had about western counterpart. Such resolution generated a new kind of medicine known as patent medicine. Patent medicine businessmen observed the new medicine policies of the Korean Empire. Some visionary ones even sought to eagerly utilize the trademark system to secure the selling route. The Japanese colonial government strengthened the medicine policies. It revised the legislature and mobilized administrative powers to manage and control the industry. However, such colonial policies in the 1910s implicated certain limits due to its lack of understanding of Korean medicine industry. Also, the colonial government showed poor efforts in introducing modern medicine facilities and systems, so that the ground was set for the patent medicine business to flourish. Patent medicine enjoyed a high turnover. So, the entrepreneurs endeavored to promote the sales in whatever means necessary. The most basic form of advertisement was through the newspaper. Indirect promotion through newspaper articles, issuing medicine flyers, free gift draw, reputation of an influential expert were widely used for its sales. Consequently, patent medicine industry in the 1910s saw a healthy prosperity. One example of such golden days was the case of Hwapyungdangyakbabg(one of the biggest patent medicine companies), which won a third place along with Kyungsungbangjik, which was the top Korean company at that time, in the advertisement design contest hosted by the classified department of Dong-a Daily in 1926. But actually, a few Japanese medicine merchants led the industry. So prosperity of Korean medicine merchant had its limits.
*Plants, Medicinal ; Legislation, Drug/history ; Korea ; Japan ; Humans ; History, 20th Century ; History, 19th Century ; Government Regulation/history ; Drugs, Non-Prescription/*history ; Colonialism/history ; Advertising/history

1793 Yellow fever in Philadelphia was the most severe epidemics in the late 18th century in the United States. More than 10% of the population in the city died and many people fled to other cities. The cause of yellow fever in the United States had close relationship with slaves and sugar in Philadelphia. Sugarcane plantation had needed many labors to produce sugar and lots of Africans had to move to America as slaves. In this process, Aedes aegypti, the vector of yellow fever had migrated to America and the circumstances of ships or cities provided appropriate conditions for its breeding. In this period, the cause of yellow fever could not be established exactly, so suggestions of doctors became entangled in political and intellectual discourses in American society. There was a critical conflict between Jeffersonian Republicanism and Federalism about the origin and treatment of yellow fever. Benjamin Rush, a Jeffersonian Republican, suggested urban sanitation reform and bloodletting. He believed the infectious disease happened because of unsanitary city condition, so he thought the United States could be a healthy nation by improvement of the public health and sanitation. He would like to cope with national crisis and develop American society on the basis of republicanism. While Rush suggested the improvement of public health and sanitation, the city government of Philadelphia suggested isolation of yellow fever patients and quarantine. City government isolated the patients from healthy people and it reconstructed space of hospital. Also, it built orphanages to take care of children who lost their parents during the epidemic and implemented power to control people put in the state of exception. Of course, city government tried to protect the city and nation by quarantine of every ship to Philadelphia. Control policies of yellow fever in 1793 showed different conflicts and interactions. Through the yellow fever, Jeffersonian Republicanism and Federalism had conflicted in politically, but they had interactions for control of the infectious disease. And with these kinds of infectious diseases policies, we can see interactions in local, national and global level.
Government Regulation/*history ; Health Policy/*history ; History, 18th Century ; Humans ; Philadelphia ; *Politics ; Yellow Fever/epidemiology/etiology/*history/*prevention & control

After the liberation from Japanese colonial rule in August 1945, the United States of America established Military Government in Korea(USAMGIK) south the 38th parallel. The public health and medical policy of the USAMGIK was defined by the USA's general policy toward Korea, and followed national interests of USA after the end of the World War II. The basic objectives of the early occupational period were two; the protection of the occupation troops, the prevention of acute epidemic diseases and unrest in the populace. However, after the switch of occupation policy to the establishment of pro-American anti-Communist nation in Korea since June 1946, the basic objectives turned into 'the establishment of the influence of American medicine in Korean medical system.' During the occupation period, USAMGIK trained several pro-American right - wing doctors who formed the clique of policy makers in the independent government, and established many quasi - American public health and medical systems in Korea.
Colonialism/*history ; English Abstract ; *Government ; Health Policy/*history ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; Korea ; *Medicine ; Military Medicine/*history ; *Politics ; Public Health/*history ; United States ; War/*history

The National Institute of Health(NIH) under the Ministry of Health and Welfare of the Korean Government was established in 1963 integrating four institutes; National Institute of Health National Chemical Laboratories National Laboratory of Herb Medicine and National Institute of Public Health Training The root however goes down to the Bacteriology Laboratory opened in 1912 with the function for microbiological testing and pox vaccine development which was absorbed into the former National Institute of Health in 1948 when the government of the Republic of Korea was inaugurated. The Institute opened a satellite office the Masan Branch in 1977 and was further expanded adding the Divisions of AIDS and Biotechnology in 1988. In 1996 as a part of restructuring the Government organizations Korea Food and Drug Administration(KFDA) was founded by expanding the Toxicology Research Institute to which all the functions of testing and certifying foods and drugs were transferred Simultaneously a new department the Department of Biomedical science was organized which currently consists of five divisions; the Divisions of Cancer Research Degenerative Diseases Cardiovascular Diseases Metabolic Diseases and Genetic Diseases. In 1999 in order to provide a rapid and effective disease control the Department of Communicable Diseases was newly founded merging the Division of Disease Control and Prevention from the Ministry of Health and Welfare. With these steady and significant changes the NIH together with the training of health manpower has become the national organization for research prevention and control of various diseases of public health importance in Korea.
Academies and Institutes/*history ; English Abstract ; Government Agencies/*history ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 21st Cent. ; Korea ; Public Health Administration/*history ; Research/*history

In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on the registration of proprietary Chinese medicines (PCMs) in China over the past century by examining published literature and historical data. We will examine this evolving administrative practice for PCMs registration in China, which is divided to the following five stages: (1) initial measures (1915-1948); (2) early development (1949-1965); (3) provincial approval and trial implementation of the "approval number" system (1966-1984); (4) legislation and cleanup (1985-1999); and (5) centralized national approval (2000 until now), offering a panoramic view on the characteristics of PCMs registration management in China.
China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; history ; Government Regulation ; history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; history ; Phytotherapy ; history