PURPOSE: To evaluate the changes of brachial arterial Doppler waveform during immersion of the hand of young men in ice-cold water. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Doppler waveforms of brachial arteries in 11 young male patients were recorded before and during immersion of ipsilateral hand in ice-cold water(4--5 degree C). The procedure was repeated on separate days. Patterns of waveform during immersion were compared with the changes of pulsatility index. RESULTS: Four men showed high impedance waveforms, and 5 men showed low impedance waveforms during immersion both at the first and at the second study. Two men, however, showed high impedance waveforms at the first study and low impedance waveforms at the second study. The pulsatility index rose and fell in high and low impedance waveforms, respectively. CONCLUSION: The changes of brachial arterial Doppler waveforms could be classified into high and low impedance patterns, probably reflecting the acute changes in downstream impedance during immersion of hand in ice-cold water.
Brachial Artery ; Electric Impedance ; Hand* ; Humans ; Immersion* ; Male ; Water*

No abstract available.
Humans

Pharmacotherapy of bipolar disorder is a rapidly evolving field. Mood stabilizers and anticonvulsants have varying biochemical profiles which may predispose them to different adverse effects and drug-drug interactions. Several of the new anticonvulsants appear less likely to have the problems with drug-drug interaction. To provide more effective combination pharmacotherapies, clinicians should be allowed to anticipate and avoid pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions. We reviewed the role of cytochrome P450 isozymes in the metabolism of the drugs and their interactions. The drug-drug interactions of several classes of drugs which used as mood stabilizers and new anticonvulsants, some of which may have psychotropic profiles, are discussed mainly in this article. Finally, potential pharmacokinetic interactions between the benzodiazepines and other coadministered drugs are discussed briefly.
Anti-Anxiety Agents* ; Anticonvulsants ; Benzodiazepines ; Bipolar Disorder ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; Drug Therapy ; Isoenzymes ; Metabolism

PURPOSE: To compare the Doppler velocity waveform pattern of ophthalmic artery of hypertensive patients with that of normotensive subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Doppler velocity waveform was obtained from ophthalmic artery in 45 hypertensive patients and 60 normotensive subjects. Both hypertensives and normotensive subjects were classified according to age into those younger than and those older than 45 years. Doppler indices[pulsatility index(PI), resistance index(RI), the first systolic peak/the second systolic peak(S1/S2), the first sytolic peak/diastolic peak (S1/D)] measured in hypertensive patients were compared with normotensive subjects. RESULTS: Among the various doppler indices, only S1/S2 showed significant difference(p < 0.05) between the hypertensive patients and normotensive subjects younger than 45 years. Doppler velocity waveform of hypertensive patients older than 45 years showed no significant difference from that of normotensive subjects with corresponding age. CONCLUSION: Doppler velocity waveform of ophthalmic artery in hyopertensive patients younger than 45 years shows pattern with S2 higher than that of normotensive subjects. High S2 component(reflective-wave) may represent increased vascular impedance ~ue to vasococonstriction of retinal arterioles in hypertensve patients.
Arterioles ; Electric Impedance ; Humans ; Ophthalmic Artery ; Retinaldehyde ; Ultrasonography*

A 48 years old male was visited with complaining of painful swelling of the left knee joint for 2 weeks duration. On radiological finding of the patella, there was found local rarefaction and osteolytic change in the inferior pole. It was diagnosed as Salmonella osteomyelitis of the patella and was confirmed by bacteriological study. Osteomyelitis of the patella caused by Salmonella group C as an etiological factor has not been reported. It was treated by conservative method with satisfactory result.
Humans ; Knee Joint ; Male ; Methods ; Osteomyelitis ; Patella ; Salmonella

No abstract available.
Hip* ; Humans

PURPOSE: To evaluate the CT findings of focal organizing pneumonia and to correlate them with pathologic findings to help differentiating from lung cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated radiologic and pathologic findings of five patients with solitary pulmonary nodule which were confirmed as focal organizing pneumonia pathologically. RESULTS: On CT scan, focal organizing pneumonia had irregular margin contacting the pleura in all five cases. The shape of the nodules were spherical to wedge or elliptical and the size from 3.5cm to 5.5cm (average 4.2cm) in largest diameter. On postcontrast CT scan, all nodules showed enhancement and four cases showed central low density components. Two nodules contained air within the nodule. In four cases, pleural changes such as effusion and/or focal thickening were noted. No lymphadenopathy was found in all cases. Pathologically, the enhancing portion on CT showed findings of organizing pneumonia such as granulation tissue with fibroblast proliferation in alveolar space and interstitial thickening. The central low density areas on CT were due to ischemic necrosis, abscess and exudate, transudate and infiltration of foamy histiocyte. CONCLUSION: The possibility of focal organizing pneumonia should be considered when peripherally located solitary pulmonary nodule had enhancing component with no combined lymphadenopathy on CT scan.
Abscess ; Exudates and Transudates ; Fibroblasts ; Granulation Tissue ; Histiocytes ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Necrosis ; Pleura ; Pneumonia* ; Solitary Pulmonary Nodule ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

No abstract available.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament*

No abstract available.
Epilepsy*

PURPOSE: Norepinephrine has modulatory effects on neuronal excitability and, in some cases, has a proconvulsant effect. Intraperitoneal imipramine treatment increases norepinephrine level, and to a lesser extent, dopamine and serotonin in brain dialysate from rats. We sought to determine the effects of imipramine on pilocarpine-induced seizures in the immature rats. METHODS: Right and left cortical and hippocampal electrodes were placed in 10~15 day old Sprague-Dawley rats. The following day 3-hour video EEG recordings were obtained to monitor electrographic seizures and status epilepticus induced by intraperitoneal injection of high dose(200mg/kg : HD) and low dose (75mg/kg : LD) pilocarpine. A first group of rats received HD pilocarpine alone(n=25), or pretreatment with 0.5(n=6). 1(n=6), 2(n=6), 5(n=6), or 10(n=11)mg/kg of imipramine. A second group of rats received LD pilocarpine alone(n=6) or pretreatment with 2mg/kg of imipramine (n=6). Data were analyzed using the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: Treatment with HD pilocarpine alone resulted in electrographic seizures in 76%(n=19) and status epilepticus in 44%(n=11). In the HD pilocarpine group, status epilepticus was seen in 100% of rats pretreated 1, 2, and 5mg/kg imipramine. 90.9% of the rats pretreated with 10mg/kg of imipramine developed seizures and 36.4% developed status epilepticus. Imipramine at 0.5, 1,2, and 5mg/kg increased the incidence of seizures and status epilepticus in the HD pilocarpine group, but the incidence was statistically significant only for status epilepticus(p<0.05). The latency for the occurrence of first status epilepticus was 12.3+/-1.3 min in the HD pilocarpine alone group, and it was 21+/-3.8 min and 25.3+/-5.7 min in the group pretreated with 5 and 10mg/kg imipramine, respectively(p<0.02). Treatment with LD pilocarpine alone resulted in seizures in 50% and status epilepticus in 16.7%. In the LD pilocarpine group with imipramine 2mg/kg pretreatment, 83.3% had seizures and status epilepticus. Imipramine at 2mg/kg increased the incidence of seizures and status epilepticus in the LD pilocarpine group, but the increase was statistically significant only for status epilepticus(p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Imipramine exhibits a proconvulsant effect at low doses and an anticonvulsant effect at high doses in the pilocarpine seizure model in immature rats. There may be a dose-dependent effect on monoaminergic receptors which results in increased neuronal excitability.
Animals ; Brain ; Dopamine ; Electrodes ; Electroencephalography ; Imipramine* ; Incidence ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Neurons ; Norepinephrine ; Pilocarpine ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Seizures* ; Serotonin ; Status Epilepticus