In 1941 Wiberg discribed morphologic classification of patella in axial plane and the correlationship between its shape and dysfunction. Here the authors reviewed 120 cases and divided them into four groups. Group I is the one with no knee joint pain or patella dysfunction, group II is the patients with meniscus injury, gruop III is the patients with chondromalacia of patella and group IV is the patients with osteoarthritis of knee joint. We analysed them according to the ratio between the length of the patella and the articular surface in lateral X-ray films of patella. The results were as follows:1. The ratio between the length of the patella and the articular surface is 1.45±0.13(mean±SD) in group I, 1.47±0.18 in group II, 1.56±0.12 in group lll and 1.57±0.15 in group IV. 2. Statistically(P<0.05), no significant difference between group I and group II, but group III and group IV is significantly different from the group I. 3. The ratio between the length of the patella and the articular surface is thought to be helpful for diagnosing the patient with vague knee joint pain.
Cartilage Diseases ; Classification ; Humans ; Joints ; Knee Joint ; Osteoarthritis, Knee ; Patella ; X-Ray Film

GH concentration in plasma decline with age. GH and GH response to GHRH are influenced by sex hormones, thereby changing around the menopause. In several aspects, features of aging resemble those of a state of GH deficiency. It has been argued the declining GH function, along with other factors, might be a causal factor in osteoporosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate that postmenopausal osteoporosis in ovariectomized rat could be prevented by rhGH. Fifty-four Sprague-Dawley rats(weight 140-200g) were devided 3 groups. Group 1(n=18) was sham operation; Group 2(n=18) was ovariectomized and received subcutaneous injection with 0.05 cc normal saline; Group 3(n=18) was ovariectomized and received subcutaneous injection with 0.2 IU rhGH. Group 2 and 3 were injected daily, 6 day per week. Each group was devided three subgroups(n=6) and were sacrificed at 6 week, 10 week, 14 week, respectively. Group 2 showed a significant increase in body weight, femur length, serum IGF-1 level, serum PICP and ICTP level at 6 weeks, 10 weeks, 14 weeks and a significant decrease in ash weight of tibia, width of bony spicules, at 14 weeks than Group 1. Group 3 demonstrated a significant increase in body weight, femur length, serum IGF-1, serum PICP and ITCP levels and a insignificant decrease in ash weight of tibia and width of bony spicules, at 6 weeks, 10 weeks, 14 weeks than Group 1. At 14 weeks, Group 3 showed a significant increase in serum IGF-1, Serum PTH, Serum PICP. From these data, we conclude that although rhGH administration leads to an activation of bone turnover and more stimulation of bone formation, it does not prevent a bone loss in ovariectomized rat.
Aging ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Female ; Femur ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones ; Humans* ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; Menopause ; Osteogenesis ; Osteoporosis* ; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal ; Ovariectomy ; Plasma ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tibia

OBJECTIVE: To prove that the skin of paralysed limb of spinal injured rat is more susceptible to a thermal injury than control, and to find out that the possible relating factors for explaining the increased susceptibility of skin. METHOD: Of total 69 male Sprague-Dawley rats, 50 were randomly divided into two groups, the spinal injured of which cords were transected at T10-13 level and the control. They were subdivided into 5 subgroups according to the duration of thermal injury. Infrared ray was used for thermal injury. Arterial cannulation was done in the femoral artery for blood gas analysis. Temperature was measured with a digital thermometer. Biopsy samples were stained with HE, and also immunohistochemical staining for heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) was done. RESULTS: After thermal injury, the spinal injured group showed more severe tissue damage and a higher temperature elevation than the control. There was a tendency of decreased blood pH and pO2, and increased pCO2. Contrary to the control, the immunoreactivity of HSP-70 was very tiny or rarely present in the spinal injured group. CONCLUSION: This study suggest that the increased susceptibility of skin to the thermal injury in spinal injured rats may be related to the vasomotor instability. And, the poor expression of HSP-70 from the skin of spinal injured rat can be a factor for the explanation of the defective cellular protective response in spinal cord injury.
Animals ; Biopsy ; Blood Gas Analysis ; Catheterization ; Extremities ; Femoral Artery ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Infrared Rays ; Lower Extremity* ; Male ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Skin* ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; Thermometers

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate the job stress factors, psychosocial stress and their associations in workers engaged in the research and development of vehicles, and according to job role. METHODS: We recruited 4,066 subjects from workers at a research and development center of an automobile company. A total of 2,764 workers answered the questionnaire about socio-demographic factors, health behaviors, work-related factors, subjective labor intensity, KOSS, and SF-PWI. The final analysis included 2,282 male manufacturing and research workers. Univariate analyses and multiple logistic analyses were conducted on the complete questionnaire data to compare the job stress factors, psychosocial stress and their associations between research and manufacturing workers. RESULTS: The adjusted Odds ratios comparing the high risk group to the low risk group regarding PWI group were 2.23(95%CI=1.63-3.04) in "Lack of rewards", 1.64(95%CI=1.20-2.24) in "Interpersonal conflict", 1.59(95%CI=1.15- 2.20) in "Organizational injustice", 1.58(95%CI=1.17-2.14) in "Occupational climate" and 1.43(95%CI=1.05-1.94) in "Job insecurity" among research workers, and 2.46(95%CI=1.59 -3.80) in "Lack of rewards" and 1.94(95%CI=1.17-3.22) in "Organizational injustice" among manufacturing workers. CONCLUSIONS: There are differences in job stress factors between research and manufacturing workers. Further studies and discussions based on quantitative methodology for seeking more fundamental causes of these differences are required to establish job stress intervention plans and policies.
Automobiles ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Questionnaires

The plasmepsins are the aspartic proteases of malaria parasites. Treatment of aspartic protease inhibitor inhibits hemoglobin hydrolysis and blocks the parasite development in vitro suggesting that these proteases might be exploited their potentials as antimalarial drug targets. In this study, we determined the genetic variations of the aspartic proteases of Plasmodium vivax (PvPMs) of wild isolates. Two plasmepsins (PvPM4 and PvPM5) were cloned and sequenced from 20 P. vivax Korean isolates and two imported isolates. The sequences of the enzymes were highly conserved except a small number of amino acid substitutions did not modify key residues for the function or the structure of the enzymes. The high sequence conservations between the plasmepsins from the isolates support the notion that the enzymes could be reliable targets for new antimalarial chemotherapeutics.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Aspartic Endopeptidases/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; Conserved Sequence ; DNA, Protozoan/chemistry/genetics ; Human ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plasmodium vivax/*enzymology/genetics/isolation & purification ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

PURPOSE: It is important to diagnose paragonimiasis in early active stage because it can be dured by chemotherapy. However, it is difficult to make a correct diagnosis of cerebral paragonimiasis in the early active stage, and the radiographic findings of cerebral paragonimiasis have been rarely reported. Thus, this experimental study was designed to produce early active cerebral paragonimiasis and to demonstrate radiologic-pathologic correlations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 8 cats, 7-8 metacercariae of Paragonimus westerrnani were directly introduced into the brain parenchyma of each cat's after trephination of the skull. In anogher 16 cats, the juvenile worms and the adult worms that had developed for varying periods (2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks) in the lunges of another cats were introduced into the brain parenchyma of each cat's with the same procedures described above. Follw-up MR images and chest radiographs were obtained at 2 days, 1 weeks, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks after innoculation. The autopsies and histopathological examinations of the cat's brain were undertaken in 22 cats. In 9 cats that were suspected with pulmonary lesions on chest radiograph, the soft tissue radiographs of inflated-fixed lungs were obtained. RESULTS: In one cat with innoculation of adult worm, acute suppurative inflammation of the brain parenchyma was demonstrated. But the other cats with innoculction of adult worm or juvenile worm and the cats with innoulation of metacercaris did not reveal any evidence of acute cerebral paragonimiasis. More than half of the introduced metacercariae(5 out of 8 cats) were found in the lung parenchyma, while only 25%(4 out of 16 cats) of the adult worm innoculated cats were. CONCLUSION: Acute suppurative inflammation suggesting acute stage cerebral paragonimiasis was obtained in one case of adult worm innoculated cat. Most of the innoculated metacercariae and some of the juvenile worms or adult worms were migrated to the lungs.
Adult ; Animals ; Autopsy ; Brain ; Cats* ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Lung ; Metacercariae ; Paragonimiasis* ; Paragonimus ; Radiography, Thoracic ; Skull ; Trephining

PURPOSE: Sclerotherapy for renal cysts was performed, using 50% acetic acid as new sclerosing agent. Wereport the methods and results of this procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients underwent sclerotherapyfor renal cyst, using 50% acetic acid. Because four patients were lost to follow-up, only 11 of the 15 wereincluded in this study. The renal cysts, including one infected case, were diagnosed by ultrasonograpy (n=10) ormagnetic resonance imaging (n=1). The patient group consisted of four men and seven women (mean age, 59 years;range, 23-77). At first, the cyst was completely aspirated, and 25 volume% of aspirated volume was replaced with50% sterile acetic acid through the drainage catheter. During the following 20 minutes, the patient changedposition, and the acetic acid was then removed from the cyst. Finally, the drainage catheter was removed, aftercleaning the cyst with saline. After treatment of infection by antibiotics and catheter drainage for 7 days,sclerotherapy in the infected case followed the same procedure. In order to observe changes in the size of renalcysts and recurrence, all patients were followed up by ultrasound between 2 and 8 months. We defined response totherapy as follows: complete regression as under 5 volume%, partial regression as 5-50 volume% and no response asmore than 50 volume% of initial cyst volume. RESULTS: No clinically significant complication occured during theprocedures or follow-up periods. All cysts regressed completely during follow-up of 8 months. Complete regressionoccurred as follows : two cysts at 2 months, seven cysts at 4 months, two cysts at 6 months. Two cysts showedresidues at the last follow-up, at 4 and 6 months, respectiivery. The volume of residual cysts decreased to under5 volume% of initial volume, however. Completely regressed cysts did not recurr during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Acetic acid sclerotherapy for renal cysts showed good results, regardless of the dilntion of sclersoing agent withresidual cyst fluid, and no significant complications. the procedure, therefore, appears to provide effectivetherapy for renal cysts.
Acetic Acid* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Catheters ; Cyst Fluid ; Drainage ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lost to Follow-Up ; Male ; Recurrence ; Sclerotherapy ; Ultrasonography

Encystation is an essential process for Acanthamoeba survival under nutrient-limiting conditions and exposure to drugs. The expression of several genes has been observed to increase or decrease during encystation. Epigenetic processes involved in regulation of gene expression have been shown to play a role in several pathogenic parasites. In the present study, we identified the protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), a known epigenetic regulator, in Acanthamoeba castellanii. PRMT5 of A. castellanii (AcPRMT5) contained domains found in S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases and in PRMT5 arginine-N-methyltransferase. Expression levels of AcPRMT5 were increased during encystation of A. castellanii. The EGFP-PRMT5 fusion protein was mainly localized in the nucleus of trophozoites. A. castellanii transfected with siRNA designed against AcPRMT5 failed to form mature cysts. The findings of this study lead to a better understanding of epigenetic mechanisms behind the regulation of encystation in cyst-forming pathogenic protozoa.
Acanthamoeba castellanii ; Acanthamoeba* ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Epigenomics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Methyltransferases ; Parasites ; Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases* ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Trophozoites

Acanthamoeba cysts are resistant to unfavorable physiological conditions and various disinfectants. Acanthamoeba cysts have 2 walls containing various sugar moieties, and in particular, one third of the inner wall is composed of cellulose. In this study, it has been shown that down-regulation of cellulose synthase by small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly inhibits the formation of mature Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts. Calcofluor white staining and transmission electron microscopy revealed that siRNA transfected amoeba failed to form an inner wall during encystation and thus are likely to be more vulnerable. In addition, the expression of xylose isomerase, which is involved in cyst wall formation, was not altered in cellulose synthase down-regulated amoeba, indicating that cellulose synthase is a crucial factor for inner wall formation by Acanthamoeba during encystation.
Acanthamoeba castellanii/*enzymology/genetics/metabolism ; Aldose-Ketose Isomerases/*biosynthesis ; Amebiasis/*pathology ; Benzenesulfonates ; Cell Wall/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cellulose/biosynthesis ; Down-Regulation ; Encephalitis/parasitology ; Glucosyltransferases/*biosynthesis/genetics ; Keratitis/parasitology ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Small Interfering

OBJECTIVE: To determine the age-related changes in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) outcomes, which includes hemodynamic and metabolic factors, in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: CR was administered for 8 weeks to 32 men (mean age, 54.0±8.8 years) who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for acute MI between July 2012 and January 2016. The exercise tolerance tests were performed before and after the CR. The results were stratified based on a cut-off age of 55 years. RESULTS: In the whole patient group, the hemodynamic variables such as the resting heart rate (HRrest), systolic blood pressure (SBPrest), submaximal HR (HRsubmax), SBP (SBPsubmax), and rate pressure product (RPPsubmax) significantly decreased and the maximal HR (HRmax) and RPP (RPPmax) significantly increased. All metabolic variables displayed significant improvement, to include maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and ventilation (VEmax), anaerobic threshold (AT), and the maximal oxygen pulse (O2pulsemax). However, upon stratification by age, those who were younger than 55 years of age exhibited significant changes only in the HRrest and RPPsubmax and those aged 55 years old or greater displayed significant changes in all hemodynamic variables except diastolic BP. Both groups displayed significant increases in the VO2max, VEmax, and AT; the older group also exhibited a significant increase in O2pulsemax. The magnitude of the changes in the hemodynamic and metabolic variables before and after CR, based on age, did not differ between the groups; although, it tended to be greater among the older participants of this study's sample. CONCLUSION: Because the older participants tended to show greater hemodynamic and metabolic changes due to CR, a more aggressive CR program must be administered to elderly patients with MI.
Aged ; Anaerobic Threshold ; Blood Pressure ; Exercise Test ; Exercise Tolerance ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Male ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Oxygen ; Oxygen Consumption ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Rehabilitation* ; Ventilation