The aim of hormonal male contraception is to prevent unintended pregnancies by suppressing spermatogenesis. Hormonal male contraception is based on the principle that exogenous administration of androgens and other hormones such as progestins suppress circulating gonadotropin concentrations, decreasing testicular Leydig cell and Sertoli cell activity and spermatogenesis. In order to achieve more complete suppression of circulating gonadotropins and spermatogenesis, a progestin has been added testosterone to the most recent efficacy trials of hormonal male contraceptives. This review focusses on the potential effects of male hormonal contraceptives on cardiovascular risk factors, lipids and body composition, mainly in the target group of younger to middle-aged men. Present data suggest that hormonal male contraception can be reasonably regarded as safe in terms of cardiovascular risk. However, as all trials have been relatively short (< 3 years), a final statement regarding the cardiovascular safety of hormonal male contraception, especially in long-term use, cannot be made. Older men with at high risk of cardiovascular event might not be good candidates for hormonal male contraception. The potential adverse effects of hormonal contraceptives on cardiovascular risk appear to depend greatly on the choice of the progestin in regimens for hormonal male contraceptives. In the development of prospective hormonal male contraception, data on longer-term cardiovascular safety will be essential.
Age Factors ; Androgens/therapeutic use* ; Antispermatogenic Agents ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology* ; Contraceptive Agents, Male/therapeutic use* ; Gonadotropins/metabolism* ; Humans ; Male ; Progestins/therapeutic use* ; Testosterone/therapeutic use*

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of valproate sodium (VPA) on the level and axle of pituitary gonadotropin in adolescent girls with epilepsy.

METHODSTwenty-three adolescent girls with epilepsy aged from 8 to 14 years were treated with VPA for 1 year. The levels of serum pituitary gonadotropin including estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin and testosterone were measured before treatment and 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after treatment.

RESULTSThe serum levels of estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and prolactin in the children with epilepsy were not significantly different during the 1 year VPA treatment compared with pretreatment. However, the serum level of testosterone was reduced 1 year after treatment (0.4±0.3 ng/mL) compared with pretreatment (0.7±0.4 ng/mL) and 3 months after treatment (0.7±0.4 ng/mL) (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSVPA treatment for 1 year does not increase serum levels of androgen in adolescent girls with epilepsy, suggesting that VPA is an ideal choice of treatment for the girls.

Adolescent ; Anticonvulsants ; therapeutic use ; Child ; Epilepsy ; blood ; drug therapy ; Female ; Gonadotropins, Pituitary ; blood ; Humans ; Valproic Acid ; therapeutic use

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) is a rare disease in which medical treatment has a high success rate to achieve fertility. This study aimed to analyze the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy and determine predictive factors for successful spermatogenesis and spontaneous pregnancy in patients with idiopathic HH. A total of 112 patients with low testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and normal prolactin levels were diagnosed with HH and administered LH and FSH analogs as hormone replacement therapy. During treatment, 96 (85.7%) patients had sperm present in ejaculate samples. Among these patients, 72 were married and wanted a child. Of these 72 patients, 48 (66.7%) of couples had pregnancies from natural conception. After initiation of treatment, the mean time for the appearance of sperm in semen was 9.48 months. There were no significant differences between baseline FSH, T, and LH levels; however, older age, larger testicular size, and low rate of undescended testes were favorable factors for successful spermatogenesis. Larger testicular size and older age were also the main predictive factors for natural conception. We found that patients with undescended testes had a younger age, smaller testes, and lower T levels compared with patients exhibiting descended testes. The rate of sperm found in the ejaculate was not significantly decreased in patients with undescended compared with descended testis (73.7% vs 87.6%, P = 0.261). The medical approach for males with HH and azoospermia provides a successful treatment modality in regard to successful spermatogenesis and achievement of pregnancy.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Chorionic Gonadotropin/therapeutic use* ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone/therapeutic use* ; Gonadotropins/therapeutic use* ; Hormone Replacement Therapy/methods* ; Humans ; Hypogonadism/pathology* ; Luteinizing Hormone/therapeutic use* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Spermatogenesis/drug effects* ; Young Adult

Conservative treatment with high doses of progestin is an alternative to standard hysterectomy for young patients with early-stage endometrial adenocarcinoma who desire to preserve their fertility. Here we report a patient with well-differentiated early-stage endometrial adenocarcinoma and poor fertility potential who failed to become pregnant in two in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer cycles and suffered a relapse after conservative treatment. This case illustrates that assessment of fertility potential is critical at the time of initial evaluation and conservative treatment planning for patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Adult ; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal ; Endometrial Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Female ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone ; therapeutic use ; Gonadotropins ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Infertility ; Pregnancy ; Progesterone ; therapeutic use ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of Yougui Formula Granule (YFG) on ovarian granulosa cells gene expression profiles in in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) patients of Shen yang deficiency syndrome (SYDS) from the viewpoint of genomics.

METHODSTotally 72 infertility patients undergoing IVF-ET were randomly assigned to the treatment group and the control group according to random digit table, 36 in each group. Patients in the treatment group took YFG combined gonadotropin (Gn), while those in the control group took placebos combined Gn. All medication lasted for 3 menstrual cycles before IVF. With high-throughput gene sequencing technology, gene expression profiles of ovarian granulosa cells in the two groups were analyzed to explore the difference by gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis.

RESULTSOvarian granulosa cell gene expression profiles from the follicular fluid showed, when compared with the control group, 391 differential genes were found in the syndrome-control group, 153 down-regulated and 238 upregulated. Enrichment of differentially expressed cellular location and molecular function of genes involved cell proliferation and apoptosis associated cyclin, protein ubiquitination, construction of microtubules and microfilament, mitochondrial function and energy-related factors, regulatory factors for hormone synthesis. Participated pathways involved energy metabolism pathway and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONSThere existed significant difference in gene expression profiles of ovarian granulosa cells between the treatment group and the control group. Differentially expressed genes involved in biological processes correlates with Shen yang deficiency induced proliferation of germ cells, confused apoptosis, and hindered process during which mitochondria produced energy.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Embryo Transfer ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Follicular Fluid ; Gene Expression ; drug effects ; Gonadotropins ; Granulosa Cells ; Humans ; Syndrome ; Transcriptome ; Yang Deficiency

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the ovarian response and pregnancy outcomes in patients with excessive ovarian response receiving long-protocol pituitary down-regulation during repeated in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET).

METHODSSixty IVF-ET cycles from January 2008 to December 2011 were analyzed retrospectively. The clinical characteristics were compared between the various treatment cycles.

RESULTSCompared with those with the first treatment cycle, the patients receiving repeated cycles had a significantly older age (P<0.001), reduced initial doses of Gn (P=0.049), and moderately lowered estrogen level on the day of hCG administration (E₂) (P=0.027) and the number of oocytes retrieved (P=0.030). The high-quality embryo formation rate (P<0.001) and clinical pregnancy rate (P=0.009) were both significantly higher in patients with repeated cycles. The dose for down-regulation, total Gn dose, duration of Gn stimulation, number of two pronuclei (PN), number of fertilized oocyte, and the cancellation rate for a high risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) were all comparable between the two groups (P>0.05). The recurrence rate of ovarian excessive respond was 40% (12/30).

CONCLUSIONSFor patients receiving repeated IVF treatment cycle with a high ovarian response, a smaller initial dose of Gn should be used to minimize the risk of hyper-response and improve the outcome of assisted reproductive treatment.

Down-Regulation ; Embryo Transfer ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Gonadotropins ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Oocytes ; Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Pregnancy Rate ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVETo investigate the factors related to clinical pregnancy outcomes of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) in women with secondary infertility.

METHODSThe clinical, laboratory and follow-up data of 1129 cycles in 1099 patients with secondary infertility undergoing IVF-ET in Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine between July 2012 to July 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. The factors related to pregnancy outcomes were analyzed by univariate and logistic regression methods. The clinical pregnancy rates in women with different age and different number of embryos transferred were compared. The clinical outcomes of stimulation with gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist long protocol, GnRH agonist short protocol and GnH antagonist protocol were evaluated in secondary infertile patients aged ≥ 40 years.

RESULTSAmong 1129 cycles, 376 cases (33.30%) had clinical pregnancy and 753 cases (66.70%) had no clinical pregnancy. There were significant differences in age, body mass index, basal follicle-stimulating hormone level, antral follicle number,paternal age and number of embryos transferred between pregnancy and no pregnancy groups (P<0.05); while only maternal age (OR=0.900, 95% CI: 0.873~0.928, P<0.001) and the number of embryos transferred (OR=2.248, 95% CI: 1.906~2.652, P<0.001) were the independent factors affecting the clinical pregnancy outcome of IVF-ET. There was no significant difference in clinical pregnancy rate between women aged 30~40 years with two embryos transferred and those aged<30 years with two or three embryos transferred(P>0.05). There were no significances in clinical pregnancy rate among women aged ≥ 40 years using GnRH agonist long protocol,GnRH agonist short protocol and GnRH antagonist protocol for stimulation (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONMaternal age and number of embryos transferred have independent effect on IVF-ET clinical pregnancy outcome of secondary infertile women. We suggest that no more than two embryos should be transferred for women in their thirties to minimize the risk of multiple pregnancy while still having an acceptable pregnancy rate. The pregnancy rate of patients over 40 years decreases significantly, and there is no difference in pregnancy rate by using GnRH agonist long protocol, GnRH agonist short protocol or GnRH antagonist protocol.

Adult ; Embryo Transfer ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; agonists ; Gonadotropins ; Hormone Antagonists ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Infertility, Female ; Maternal Age ; Ovarian Follicle ; Ovulation Induction ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Pregnancy Rate ; Retrospective Studies

To summarize present situation of a study on kidney-supplementing and blood-activating method in treating ovaries functional disorders (infertility with dysfunctional ovulation) for stimulating ovaries reactive mechanism to gonadotropic hormones. Refer to correlative articles and combine clinical experience to report. Kidney-supplementing and blood-activating method have obvious therapeutic effect and no side effect and no adverse reaction. More attention are paid on influence factors and contribution about kidney-supplementing and blood-activating method in treating ovaries functional disorders especially on sex hormones, ovulating, corpora luteuman and implantation factors. Indicate the necessarity to develop polycentric kidney-supplementing and blood-activating method in treating ovaries functional disorders (infertility with dysfunctional ovulation) evaluation research.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Gonadotropins ; secretion ; Humans ; Infertility, Female ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Kidney ; drug effects ; physiopathology ; Ovarian Diseases ; drug therapy ; Ovary ; drug effects ; physiopathology ; Ovulation ; drug effects

We report 3 cases of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in which the patients had successful pregnancy after repeated implantation failure in at least 8 in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) cycles. The patients were treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH-ant) protocol and gonadotropin-releasing hormone angonist (GnRHa) for triggering ovulation, and successful pregnancy and normal deliveries were achieved after 9 IVT-ET cycles. For young patients with PCOS but a good ovarian reserve and a high ovarian response, treatment with GnRH antagonist protocol and GnRHa alone with appropriate management of the factors that may affect implantation can prevent severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome to achieve favorable clinical outcomes.
Embryo Implantation ; Embryo Transfer ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; agonists ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Gonadotropins ; Hormone Antagonists ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome ; Ovulation ; Ovulation Induction ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome

OBJECTIVETo study the effect and potential mechanism of Modified Cangfu Daotan Decoction (MCDD) on endometrial receptivity in infertility patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

METHODSTotally 298 women having normal ovulation who underwent artificial insemination were recruited as the control group, and they received no drug therapy. Another 355 infertility patients with PCOS who received ovarian stimulation therapy were recruited as the treatment group. Then they were further assigned to the treatment group I (195 cases) and the treatment group II (160 cases) according to random digit table. Patients in the treatment group I received clomiphene (CC) + human menopause gonadotropin (HMG) +human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), while those in the treatment group II received CC + HMG + HCG and additionally took modified MCDD. The therapeutic course for all was three menstrual cycles. The pregnancy ratio, the endometrial thickness, and spiral artery pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured. Furthermore, the uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) level was tested by Western blot.

RESULTSCompared with the control group, the endometrial thickness decreased and PI and RI increased in the treatment group I (all P < 0.05). Compared with the treatment group I , the endometrial thickness increased and PI and RI decreased in the treatment group II (all P < 0.05). Compared with before treatment, HOMA-IR levels were significantly decreased in the treatment group II after treatment (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group before treatment, the HOMA-IR level increased in the treatment group I and the treatment group II before treatment (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group after treatment, the HOMA-IR level increased in the treatment group I (P < 0.05). But there was no statistical difference in the post-treatment HOMA-IR level between the control group and the treatment group II (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the post-treatment UCP2 level was increased in the treatment group II (P < 0.05). After one year follow-up, the pregnancy rate was 16.1% (48/298) in the control group, 23.1% (37/160) in the treatment group I, and 33.8% (66/195) in the treatment group II. Compared with the control group, the pregnancy rate was significantly increased in the treatment group II (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONMCDD was found to be capable of increasing the pregnancy rate of infertility patients with PCOS, which might be associated with improving endometrial blood flow and insulin resistance, increasing the UCP2 expression, and finally improving the endometrial receptivity.

Chorionic Gonadotropin ; Clomiphene ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Gonadotropins ; Humans ; Infertility ; Infertility, Female ; Insulin Resistance ; Ovulation ; Ovulation Induction ; methods ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ; drug therapy ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Rate