No abstract available.
Animals ; Lipid A* ; Macrophages* ; Mice* ; Phagocytosis* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha*

No abstract available.
B-Lymphocytes*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Interferons* ; Macrophages* ; Mice*

No abstract available.
DNA*

Vitamin D deficiency rickets became quite rare now-a-days and also more rare in incidence complicated by hypervitaminosis A which was found at Pusan Childrens Charity Hospital. This patient was 1 year old female who developed hypervitaminosis A during the vitamin therapy because of its misuse of vitamin D and A compounds. Also a brief review of the literature is done along with presentation of the case.
Busan ; Charities ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Hypervitaminosis A ; Incidence ; Rickets ; Vitamin D ; Vitamin D Deficiency ; Vitamins

No abstract available.
Temporomandibular Joint*

The present study proposes a method delineating the extent of the anterior displacement of the temporomandibular articular disc through the angle formed by the deepest point in the glenoid fossa, the center of the mandibular condyle and the junction between the end of the posterior band and the retrodiscal tissue. The method was applied to the normal group and TMD group. The TMD group was further divide into 3 groups Group I(little disc displacement), Group II(anterior disc displacement with reduction) and Group III(anterior disc displacement without reduction). The results were as follows. 1. The normal group showed the location of the articular disc within -10-0degree or with a wider allowance, within -10-10degree from the reference line GC. 2. The TMD group showed the disc located within -21.0-125.8degree,with two peaks at 0-100 and 60-800, suggesting that the group may be composed of more than two different subgroups. 3. The threshold point delineating the normal and TMD states was 0degree, because 82.5% of normal group appeared below 0degree and 94.8% of TMD group appeared above 0degree. 4. Since the angular disc displacement tends to increase from Group I to Group III, the angular displacement increases as the overall severiety of the disease increases, and the chance for a reduction of the disc decreases. 5. The normal group, Group I, Group II, and Group III can be categorized into statistically different groups. The normal group and TMD group can be distinguished in reference to 0degree, while the presence-absence of the anterior disc displacement is judged in reference to 10degree, and the probability of the disc reduction can be estimated in reference to 50degree. The present study assesses the location of the articular disc from the sagittal central section offering a supplementary clinical classification. This system provides an additional information concerning the location of the disc, thereby offering an objective mean to evaluate the progress of the disease. Further studies may be needed on the clinical changes according to location of the disc, as well as the relationship between the morphological changes and the anterior or sideways displacement of the disc.
Classification ; Mandibular Condyle ; Temporomandibular Joint Disc ; Temporomandibular Joint*

No abstract available.
Gait*

No abstract available.
B-Lymphocytes* ; Lymph Nodes* ; Pertussis Toxin* ; Whooping Cough*

Lymph nodes, one of peripheral lymphoid organs, are the sites, where the lymphocytes receive their initial instructions for producing effector functioning resulting in humoral or cell-mediated immunity. Each lymph node consists of an outer cortex in which there are aggregates of cells constituting the follicles, B-cell areas. Some follicles have central areas called germinal centers, which stain lightly. Germinal centers are B lymphoblast cell areas arising eccentrically in primary lymphoid follicles in response to T-cell dependent antigenic stimulation and are the generally accepted sites of generation of memory B cells and undergoing isotype switching and somatic mutation. We observed the morphologic, cellular, protein and molecular events arising in mouse popliteal lymph nodes in response to T-cell dependent antigenic stimulation. In this study mice were immunized into footpads with TNP-chicken ovalbumin. The germinal center formation in primary follicles of popliteal lymph nodes was first observed 6 days after immunization and germinal centers persisted until 24 days of immunization. Lymph node cells were stained with PE-labeled anti-B220 antibody and/or FITC labeled PNA and analyzed by using FACScan. B cells (B220(+) cell) in lymph node increased after 3 days and peaked between 6 and 18 days after immunization. The proportion of germinal center B cells (B220, PNA(high) cells) among lymph node B cells was low (2%) before immunization but increased at day 6 (9%) and reached the peak (30%) at day 18. The expression of IgG1 productive mRNAs and germline transcripts were observed by using RT-PCR. The expression of IgG1 productive mRNA was detected at day 10 and continued until 24 days after immunization. The expression of IgG1 germline transcripts was observed 10 days after immunization and rapidly declined over the next one week. IgG1 anti-TNP antibody, main isotype of anti-TNP antibodies, was first detected at day 14 and reached the peak level 24 days after immunization. Taken these data together, we can conclude that the first immunological event observed from mouse popliteal lymph node in response to T-cell dependent antigenic stimulation is the increase in the number of B cells, and this event is followed by appearance of germinal center B cells and at the same time by the formation of germinal center in primary lymphoid follicles. Once the germinal center is formed, the process of isotype switching to IgG1 occurs in lymph node and antigen-specific IgG1 antibody is produced.
Animals ; Antibodies ; B-Lymphocytes ; Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate ; Germinal Center ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunization ; Immunoglobulin Class Switching ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulins* ; Lymph Nodes* ; Lymphocytes ; Memory ; Mice ; Ovalbumin ; RNA, Messenger ; T-Lymphocytes